Nürk Nicolai M, Linder H Peter, Onstein Renske E, Larcombe Matthew J, Hughes Colin E, Piñeiro Fernández Laura, Schlüter Philipp M, Valente Luis, Beierkuhnlein Carl, Cutts Vanessa, Donoghue Michael J, Edwards Erika J, Field Richard, Flantua Suzette G A, Higgins Steven I, Jentsch Anke, Liede-Schumann Sigrid, Pirie Michael D
Department of Plant Systematics Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany.
Department of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland.
Ecol Evol. 2020 May 19;10(12):6163-6182. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6313. eCollection 2020 Jun.
Understanding how and why rates of evolutionary diversification vary is a key issue in evolutionary biology, ecology, and biogeography. Evolutionary rates are the net result of interacting processes summarized under concepts such as adaptive radiation and evolutionary stasis. Here, we review the central concepts in the evolutionary diversification literature and synthesize these into a simple, general framework for studying rates of diversification and quantifying their underlying dynamics, which can be applied across clades and regions, and across spatial and temporal scales. Our framework describes the diversification rate () as a function of the abiotic environment (), the biotic environment (), and clade-specific phenotypes or traits (); thus, . We refer to the four components (-) and their interactions collectively as the "Evolutionary Arena." We outline analytical approaches to this framework and present a case study on conifers, for which we parameterize the general model. We also discuss three conceptual examples: the radiation in the Andes in the context of emerging ecological opportunity and fluctuating connectivity due to climatic oscillations; oceanic island radiations in the context of island formation and erosion; and biotically driven radiations of the Mediterranean orchid genus . The results of the conifer case study are consistent with the long-standing scenario that low competition and high rates of niche evolution promote diversification. The conceptual examples illustrate how using the synthetic Evolutionary Arena framework helps to identify and structure future directions for research on evolutionary radiations. In this way, the Evolutionary Arena framework promotes a more general understanding of variation in evolutionary rates by making quantitative results comparable between case studies, thereby allowing new syntheses of evolutionary and ecological processes to emerge.
理解进化多样化速率如何以及为何不同，是进化生物学、生态学和生物地理学中的一个关键问题。进化速率是诸如适应性辐射和进化停滞等概念下相互作用过程的最终结果。在此，我们回顾进化多样化文献中的核心概念，并将其整合为一个简单、通用的框架，用于研究多样化速率并量化其潜在动态，该框架可应用于不同的进化枝和区域，以及不同的空间和时间尺度。我们的框架将多样化速率（）描述为非生物环境（）、生物环境（）以及进化枝特定表型或性状（）的函数；因此， 。我们将这四个组成部分（-）及其相互作用统称为“进化舞台”。我们概述了针对此框架的分析方法，并以针叶树为例进行了案例研究，我们为该通用模型设定了参数。我们还讨论了三个概念性示例：在因气候振荡导致生态机会出现和连通性波动的背景下，安第斯山脉的辐射；在岛屿形成和侵蚀背景下的海洋岛屿辐射；以及地中海兰花属由生物驱动的辐射。针叶树案例研究的结果与长期以来的一种观点一致，即低竞争和高生态位进化速率促进了多样化。这些概念性示例说明了使用综合的进化舞台框架如何有助于确定和构建未来进化辐射研究的方向。通过这种方式，进化舞台框架通过使案例研究之间的定量结果具有可比性，促进了对进化速率变化更普遍的理解，从而使进化和生态过程的新综合得以出现。
