School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia, and the Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia, and the Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Mar;60(3):367-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.010. Epub 2020 Jun 30.
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis and estimate the economic costs attributable to child and adolescent bullying victimization in Australia.
The costs of bullying victimization were measured from a societal perspective that accounted for costs associated with health care, education resources, and productivity losses. A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual costs for Australians who experienced bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence. This study updated a previous systematic review summarizing the association between bullying victimization and health and nonhealth outcomes. Costs were estimated by calculating population attributable fractions to determine the effects of bullying victimization on increased risk of adverse health outcomes, such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, intentional self-harm, and tobacco use. A top-down approach to cost estimation was taken for all outcomes of interest except for costs incurred by educational institutions and productivity losses of victims' caregivers, for which a bottom-up cost estimation was applied.
Annual costs in Australian dollars (AUD) in 2016 on health and nonhealth outcomes attributable to child and adolescent bullying victimization were estimated at AUD $763 million: AUD $750 million for health system costs with AUD $147 million for anxiety disorders, AUD $322 million for depressive disorders, AUD $57 million for intentional self-harm, and AUD $224 million for tobacco use; AUD $7.5 million for productivity losses of victims' caregivers; and AUD $6 million for educational services.
The findings from this study suggest a substantial annual cost to Australian society as a result of bullying victimization with more than 8% of annual mental health expenditure in Australia estimated to be attributable to bullying victimization.
系统回顾和荟萃分析并估计澳大利亚儿童和青少年受欺凌受害的经济成本。
从社会角度衡量了欺凌受害的成本，包括与医疗保健、教育资源和生产力损失相关的成本。采用基于流行率的方法来估计在童年和青少年时期经历过欺凌受害的澳大利亚人的年度成本。本研究更新了一项先前的系统综述，该综述总结了欺凌受害与健康和非健康结果之间的关联。通过计算人群归因分数来估计成本，以确定欺凌受害对焦虑障碍、抑郁障碍、故意自残和吸烟等不良健康结果的风险增加的影响。除了教育机构的成本和受害者照顾者的生产力损失外，所有感兴趣的结果都采用自上而下的成本估算方法，而对于这些结果，则采用自下而上的成本估算方法。
2016 年，澳大利亚儿童和青少年受欺凌受害导致的健康和非健康结果的年度美元（AUD）成本估计为 7.63 亿澳元：卫生系统成本为 7.5 亿澳元，其中包括焦虑障碍 1.47 亿澳元、抑郁障碍 3.22 亿澳元、故意自残 5700 万澳元和吸烟 2.24 亿澳元；受害者照顾者的生产力损失为 750 万澳元；教育服务为 600 万澳元。
本研究的结果表明，由于欺凌受害，澳大利亚社会每年面临巨大的成本，估计澳大利亚每年心理健康支出的 8%以上归因于欺凌受害。
