Arcella Davide, Gergelova Petra, Innocenti Matteo Lorenzo, López-Gálvez Gloria, Steinkellner Hans
EFSA J. 2019 Jun 24;17(6):e05754. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5754. eCollection 2019 Jun.
Nickel (Ni) is a silvery-white, hard, ductile metal existing in oxidation states; in biological systems, Ni is the prevalent form. All analytical results used to estimate animal dietary exposure were reported as Ni', without providing information on specific chemical species. Considering the data provided by Member states, among FoodEx level 1 feed categories, the highest mean Ni levels were measured in 'Minerals and products derived thereof' (n = 72). High mean Ni concentrations were also observed in 'Compound feed' (n = 516), in particular in complementary feeds for fattening cattles, unspecified complementary feed and complementary feeds for fattening pigs. Within grains used as feed (n = 597), the highest mean Ni concentrations were measured in oats. In addition, Ni concentrations in hydrogenated vegetable oils/fats were reported by industry. Exposure to Ni in livestock and companion animals varied according to the animal species. When considering the diets with hydrogenated vegetable oils/fats based on the reported Ni concentrations, the mean exposures varied between 6.0 μg Ni/kg body weight (bw) per day in cats and 79 μg Ni/kg bw per day in laying hens and the high exposure levels varied between 11 μg Ni/kg bw per day in cats and 127 μg Ni/kg bw per day in rabbits. The mean exposure estimates considering the maximum concentration of Ni assumed from good manufacturing practice in hydrogenated vegetable oils/fats (50 mg Ni/kg) varied between 27 μg Ni/kg bw per day in cats and 255 μg Ni/kg bw per day in rabbits; for the high concentration scenarios, exposures varied between 30 μg Ni/kg bw per day and 307 μg Ni/kg bw per day in the same species. The estimated exposures to Ni are in line with the one reported in the 2015 EFSA opinion, using a worst-case scenario. When estimating exposure with a realistic scenario, using the reported Ni concentration in hydrogenated vegetable oils/fats, the exposure of livestock and companion animals is lower (approximately from 1.5 to 6 times, depending on the species) than the 2015 assessment.
镍（Ni）是一种银白色、坚硬且有延展性的金属，存在多种氧化态；在生物系统中，镍主要以这种形式存在。所有用于估算动物膳食暴露量的分析结果均报告为镍（Ni），未提供具体化学形态的信息。根据成员国提供的数据，在食品分类标准1级饲料类别中，“矿物质及其衍生产品”（n = 72）中的镍平均含量最高。在“配合饲料”（n = 516）中也观察到较高的镍平均浓度，特别是在育肥牛的补充饲料、未指定的补充饲料和育肥猪的补充饲料中。在用作饲料的谷物（n = 597）中，燕麦的镍平均浓度最高。此外，行业报告了氢化植物油/脂肪中的镍浓度。家畜和伴侣动物对镍的暴露量因动物种类而异。根据报告的镍浓度，考虑含有氢化植物油/脂肪的日粮时，猫的平均暴露量为每天6.0微克镍/千克体重（bw），产蛋鸡为每天79微克镍/千克体重，高暴露水平在猫中为每天11微克镍/千克体重，兔子中为每天127微克镍/千克体重。考虑到氢化植物油/脂肪良好生产规范中假定的镍最大浓度（50毫克镍/千克），猫的平均暴露量估算值为每天27微克镍/千克体重，兔子为每天255微克镍/千克体重；在高浓度情况下，同一物种的暴露量在每天30微克镍/千克体重至307微克镍/千克体重之间。使用最坏情况估算的镍暴露量估计值与2015年欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）意见中报告的一致。当使用现实情况进行估算时，根据氢化植物油/脂肪中报告的镍浓度，家畜和伴侣动物的暴露量低于2015年评估值（约为1.5至6倍，具体取决于物种）。
