Silventoinen Karri, Maia José, Jelenkovic Aline, Pereira Sara, Gouveia Élvio, Antunes António, Thomis Martine, Lefevre Johan, Kaprio Jaakko, Freitas Duarte
Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Am J Hum Biol. 2021 May;33(3):e23470. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23470. Epub 2020 Jul 7.
To analyze the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the variation in somatotype, physical fitness, and their mutual associations.
Twins from 214 pairs (87 monozygotic) of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, from 3 to 18 years of age (51% girls) were assessed in anthropometry and physical fitness tests. We estimated endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy based on anthropometric measures and physical fitness using the Eurofit test battery. Two age categories were analyzed: children (3-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years). Genetic and environmental variations were estimated using quantitative genetic twin modeling.
No genetic sex differences were found, thus boys and girls were pooled in all genetic analyses. Heritability estimates were high for somatotype (a = 0.80-0.93), physical fitness traits (a = 0.67-0.83), and largely similar in children and adolescents. Positive correlations were found for ectomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with muscular strength (r = 0.25-0.37). In contrast, negative associations were found for ectomorphy with muscular strength, as well as for endomorphy and mesomorphy with motor ability and cardiorespiratory endurance (-0.46 to -0.26). Twin modeling indicated that these associations were explained mostly by genetic factors in common to the two associated traits (84% or more).
Associations between somatotype and physical fitness tests are mainly explained by common genetic background in children and adolescents. Therefore, interventions in youth should consider that a child's performance in physical fitness tests partly reflects their inherited physique.
分析遗传和环境因素对体型、身体素质变化及其相互关系的影响。
对来自葡萄牙马德拉自治区的214对双胞胎（87对同卵双胞胎）进行评估，年龄在3至18岁之间（51%为女孩），评估内容包括人体测量学和身体素质测试。我们根据人体测量指标和使用欧洲体适能测试组合进行的身体素质测试来估计内胚层体型、中胚层体型和外胚层体型。分析了两个年龄组：儿童（3至11岁）和青少年（12至18岁）。使用定量遗传双胞胎模型估计遗传和环境变异。
未发现遗传性别差异，因此在所有遗传分析中将男孩和女孩合并。体型（a = 0.80 - 0.93）、身体素质特征（a = 0.67 - 0.83）的遗传度估计值较高，在儿童和青少年中大致相似。外胚层体型与运动能力和心肺耐力呈正相关，内胚层体型和中胚层体型与肌肉力量呈正相关（r = 0.25 - 0.37）。相比之下，外胚层体型与肌肉力量呈负相关，内胚层体型和中胚层体型与运动能力和心肺耐力呈负相关（-0.46至-0.26）。双胞胎模型表明，这些关联主要由两个相关性状共有的遗传因素解释（84%或更多）。
儿童和青少年体型与身体素质测试之间的关联主要由共同的遗传背景解释。因此，针对青少年的干预措施应考虑到儿童在身体素质测试中的表现部分反映了他们遗传的体格。
