Semmer Norbert K, Tschan Franziska, Jacobshagen Nicola, Beehr Terry A, Elfering Achim, Kälin Wolfgang, Meier Laurenz L
Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
Institut de Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Occup Health Sci. 2019;3(3):205-238. doi: 10.1007/s41542-019-00041-5. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
Stress is related to goals being thwarted. Arguably, protecting one's self, both in terms of personal self-esteem and in terms of social self-esteem, is among the most prominent goals people pursue. Although this line of thought is hardly disputed, it does not play the prominent role in occupational health psychology that we think it deserves. Stress-as-Offense-to-Self theory focuses on threats and boosts to the self as important aspects of stressful, and resourceful, experiences at work. Within this framework we have developed the new concepts of illegitimate tasks and illegitimate stressors; we have investigated appreciation as a construct in its own right, rather than as part of larger constructs such as social support; and we propose that the threshold for noticing implications for the self in one's surroundings typically is low, implying that even subtle negative cues are likely to be appraised as offending, as exemplified by the concept of subtly offending feedback. Updating the first publication of the SOS concept, the current paper presents its theoretical rationale as well as research conducted so far. Research has covered a variety of phenomena, but the emphasis has been (a) on illegitimate tasks, which now can be considered as an established stressor, and (b) on appreciation, showing its importance in general and as a core element of social support. Furthermore, we discuss implications for further research as well as practical implications of an approach that is organized around threats and boosts to the self, thus complementing approaches that are organized around specific conditions or behaviors.
压力与目标受阻相关。可以说，保护自我，无论是从个人自尊还是社会自尊的角度来看，都是人们追求的最突出目标之一。尽管这一思路几乎没有争议，但它在职业健康心理学中并未发挥我们认为它应有的突出作用。“压力即对自我的冒犯”理论将对自我的威胁和提升视为工作中压力和应对自如体验的重要方面。在此框架内，我们提出了非法任务和非法压力源的新概念；我们将赞赏作为一个独立的概念进行研究，而非作为诸如社会支持等更大概念的一部分；并且我们认为，人们在周围环境中察觉到对自我影响的阈值通常较低，这意味着即使是微妙的负面线索也可能被视为冒犯，微妙冒犯性反馈这一概念就是例证。更新“压力即对自我的冒犯”（SOS）概念的首次出版物，本文阐述了其理论依据以及迄今为止所开展的研究。研究涵盖了多种现象，但重点在于：（a）非法任务，现在可将其视为一种既定的压力源；（b）赞赏，展现了其总体重要性以及作为社会支持的核心要素的重要性。此外，我们还讨论了对进一步研究的启示以及围绕对自我的威胁和提升所构建的方法的实际意义，从而补充围绕特定条件或行为所构建的方法。
