Office of Research, Evaluation, and Monitoring, Office of Policy Development and Research, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, District of Columbia (Ms Garrison); Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Ms Garrison); and Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Ashley).
J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(6):546-557. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001191.
The US Department of Housing and Urban Development provides millions in annual funding to make low-income housing lead safe, but funds are limited relative to need. To adequately target efforts, local program administrators must identify neighborhoods that are the most "at risk" of residential lead exposure; however, no federal agency currently provides a public data set for this use.
To examine pre-1980 households with large areas of deteriorated paint, a significant and common predictor of lead dust, and identify high-risk jurisdictions. To highlight the potential use of a newly available data set for strategic lead poisoning prevention and targeting.
Microdata from the 2011 American Housing Survey and the 2009-2013 American Community Survey were used to develop a household-level predicted risk metric that identifies housing units at risk of containing large areas of deteriorated paint. Predicted risk, defined as the mean predicted percentage of occupied housing units at risk of containing deteriorated paint within a given jurisdiction, was summarized by state, county, and tract.
National, all occupied housing units.
Occupied housing units summarized by household (n = 9 363 000), census tract (n = 72 235), county (n = 3143), and state (n = 51).
Housing units built prior to 1980 with a large area of deteriorated paint.
New York, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania had the highest predicted percentage of at-risk households (range: 2.52%-2.90%). County-level and tract-level estimates are the most useful when examining a predefined jurisdiction; New York state was presented as a case study. County-level quartile risk scores revealed Albany as an at-risk jurisdiction. Tract-level quartile risk scores further identified at-risk neighborhoods in northeastern Albany.
Findings can help housing and health policy makers identify and target geographic areas with a high probability of households at risk of potential exposure to deteriorated lead-based paint.
美国住房和城市发展部每年提供数百万美元的资金，用于确保低收入住房的铅含量安全，但相对于需求而言，资金是有限的。为了有针对性地开展工作，地方项目管理人员必须确定那些最容易受到住宅铅暴露风险的社区；然而，目前没有联邦机构为此提供公共数据集。
研究 1980 年前有大量剥落油漆的家庭，这是导致铅尘的一个重要且常见的因素，并确定高风险的司法管辖区。强调新的可用数据集在战略铅中毒预防和目标定位方面的潜在用途。
利用 2011 年美国住房调查和 2009-2013 年美国社区调查的微观数据，开发了一种家庭层面的预测风险指标，用于识别存在大面积剥落油漆风险的住房单元。预测风险定义为给定司法管辖区内存在剥落油漆风险的居住单元的平均预测百分比，按州、县和普查地段进行总结。
全国，所有居住单元。
家庭（n = 9363000）、普查地段（n = 72235）、县（n = 3143）和州（n = 51）汇总的居住单元。
建于 1980 年之前且有大面积剥落油漆的住房单元。
纽约、罗得岛、新泽西、马萨诸塞和宾夕法尼亚州的高风险家庭比例最高（范围为 2.52%-2.90%）。在检查预定义的司法管辖区时，县和地段级别的估计是最有用的；以纽约州为例进行了介绍。县一级四分位风险评分显示奥尔巴尼是一个高风险司法管辖区。地段级四分位风险评分进一步确定了奥尔巴尼东北部的高危社区。
这些发现可以帮助住房和卫生政策制定者确定和定位极有可能存在潜在暴露于剥落含铅油漆风险的家庭的地理区域。
