Pickford Regina, Kraus Ute, Frank Ulrike, Breitner Susanne, Markevych Iana, Schneider Alexandra
Institut für Epidemiologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Deutschland.
Institut für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt GmbH, Neuherberg, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2020 Aug;63(8):962-971. doi: 10.1007/s00103-020-03186-9.
Environmental factors affect the health and wellbeing of urban residents. However, they do not act individually on humans, but instead show potential synergistic or antagonistic effects. Questions that arise from this are: How does a combination of air pollutants with other environmental factors impact health? How well are these associations evidenced? What methods can we use to look at them? In this article, methodical approaches regarding the effects of a combination of various environmental factors are first described. Environmental factors are then examined, which together with different air pollutants, have an impact on human health such as ambient temperature, noise, and pollen as well as the effect of green spaces. Physical activity and nutrition are addressed regarding the attenuation of health effects from air pollution.While there is often clear evidence of health effects of single environmental stressors, there are still open questions in terms of their interaction. The research methods required for this still need to be further developed. The interrelationship between the different environmental factors make it clear that (intervention) measures for reducing single indicators are also interlinked. Regarding traffic, switching from passive to active transport (e.g., due to safe cycle paths and other measures) leads to less air pollutants, smaller increases in temperature in the long term, and at the same time improved health of the individual. As a result, sensible planning of the built environment has great potential to reduce environmental stressors and improve people's health and wellbeing.
环境因素影响城市居民的健康和福祉。然而，它们并非单独作用于人类，而是显示出潜在的协同或拮抗效应。由此产生的问题是：空气污染物与其他环境因素的组合如何影响健康？这些关联的证据有多充分？我们可以用什么方法来研究它们？本文首先描述了关于各种环境因素组合影响的系统方法。然后研究了与不同空气污染物一起对人类健康有影响的环境因素，如环境温度、噪音、花粉以及绿地的影响。还讨论了体育活动和营养对空气污染健康影响的减轻作用。虽然单一环境压力源对健康影响的证据往往很明确，但它们之间的相互作用仍存在一些未解决的问题。为此所需的研究方法仍需进一步发展。不同环境因素之间的相互关系表明，降低单一指标的（干预）措施也是相互关联的。就交通而言，从被动交通转向主动交通（例如，由于安全的自行车道和其他措施）会减少空气污染物，长期来看温度升高幅度更小，同时个人健康状况也会改善。因此，合理规划建筑环境有很大潜力减少环境压力源，改善人们的健康和福祉。
