利用高纯锗（HPGe）探测器对巴基斯坦土壤的放射性评估和超寿命癌症风险的概述。
An overview on radiometric assessment and excess lifetime cancer risk of soil in Pakistan by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector.
机构信息
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
Department of Physics, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
出版信息
Rev Environ Health. 2020 Jul 14;35(4):531-543. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0094. Print 2020 Nov 18.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to compare the natural radioactivity and excess life time cancer risk (ELCR) factor of soil in different regions of Pakistan during last decade. Soil contains various elements and compounds including naturally occurring radioactive elements (U, Th, K and Cs). Human being, animals and plants are in health risk by contaminations of natural radioactivity in soil and environmental radiometric pollution. Transferring of large amount of the natural radioactive elements in human body by nutrients may cause carcinogenic effects in human body. Pakistani soil has six types as Indus Basin Soil, Bongar Soil, Khaddar Soil, Indus delta soil, Mountainous soil and Sandy Desert Soil. In some northern region of Pakistan, naturally occurring radioactive rocks like uranuium-238 and iridium concentrations present in Gharwandi, Aram, Kingri S, Vitakri Fort Munro, Dera Bugti, Kohlu and Sibbi districts.
METHODS
In this reviewed data, gamma rays spectroscopy used to determine the concentrations of U, Th and K with the help of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors. Only the data of HPGe detector collected because of comparisons of different regions of Pakistan.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Mostly, different gamma rays energy peaks of relevant daughter radionuclides of radioactive element were used such as the energy peak lines of daughter radionuclides Pb (295.21 and 352 KeV) and Bi (609 and 1,120 KeV) used for calculating the Ra concentration in soil. In the recent study, it is concluded that average values of concentrations of natural radioactivity in soil in central and north regions of Pakistan are higher than permissible limit but found permissible range in south region of Pakistan. Mean values of ELCR factor were found higher, equal and lower in central, north and south regions than permissible limit, respectively. Generally, no serious health hazard due to natural radioactivity in soil were found.
目的
本研究旨在比较过去十年巴基斯坦不同地区土壤的天然放射性和超额寿命癌症风险（ELCR）因素。土壤中含有各种元素和化合物，包括天然放射性元素（U、Th、K 和 Cs）。人类、动物和植物都面临着土壤中天然放射性污染和环境放射性污染带来的健康风险。大量天然放射性元素通过营养物质转移到人体中，可能会在人体中引起致癌作用。巴基斯坦的土壤有六种类型，分别是印度河流域土壤、邦加尔土壤、哈达尔土壤、印度河三角洲土壤、山区土壤和沙质沙漠土壤。在巴基斯坦北部的一些地区，像铀-238 和铱这样的天然放射性岩石存在于 Gharwandi、Aram、Kingri S、Vitakri Fort Munro、Dera Bugti、Kohlu 和 Sibbi 地区。
方法
在这项综述数据中，使用伽马射线光谱法借助高纯锗（HPGe）探测器来确定 U、Th 和 K 的浓度。由于要比较巴基斯坦不同地区的数据，只收集了 HPGe 探测器的数据。
结果与结论
通常情况下，会使用放射性元素相关子核放射性的不同伽马射线能量峰，例如子核放射性 Pb（295.21 和 352 keV）和 Bi（609 和 1120 keV）的能量峰线，用于计算土壤中 Ra 的浓度。在最近的研究中，得出的结论是，巴基斯坦中部和北部地区土壤中天然放射性的平均浓度高于允许限值，但在南部地区则在允许范围内。在中部、北部和南部地区，ELCR 因子的平均值分别高于、等于和低于允许限值。总的来说，土壤中的天然放射性没有造成严重的健康危害。
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