Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
Sci Signal. 2020 Jul 14;13(640):eaay1212. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1212.
Spontaneous Ca signaling from the InsPR intracellular Ca release channel to mitochondria is essential for optimal oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and ATP production. In cells with defective OXPHOS, reductive carboxylation replaces oxidative metabolism to maintain amounts of reducing equivalents and metabolic precursors. To investigate the role of mitochondrial Ca uptake in regulating bioenergetics in these cells, we used OXPHOS-competent and OXPHOS-defective cells. Inhibition of InsPR activity or mitochondrial Ca uptake increased α-ketoglutarate (αKG) abundance and the NAD/NADH ratio, indicating that constitutive endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-mitochondria Ca transfer promoted optimal αKG dehydrogenase (αKGDH) activity. Reducing mitochondrial Ca inhibited αKGDH activity and increased NAD, which induced SIRT1-dependent autophagy in both OXPHOS-competent and OXPHOS-defective cells. Whereas autophagic flux in OXPHOS-competent cells promoted cell survival, it was impaired in OXPHOS-defective cells because of inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Inhibition of αKGDH and impaired autophagic flux in OXPHOS-defective cells resulted in pronounced cell death in response to interruption of constitutive flux of Ca from ER to mitochondria. These results demonstrate that mitochondria play a fundamental role in maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis of both OXPHOS-competent and OXPHOS-defective cells, with Ca regulation of αKGDH activity playing a pivotal role. Inhibition of ER-to-mitochondria Ca transfer may represent a general therapeutic strategy against cancer cells regardless of their OXPHOS status.
内质网钙释放通道到线粒体的自发钙信号对于最佳氧化磷酸化 (OXPHOS) 和 ATP 产生是必需的。在 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞中,还原性羧化作用取代氧化代谢来维持还原当量和代谢前体的含量。为了研究线粒体钙摄取在调节这些细胞生物能量学中的作用,我们使用了 OXPHOS 功能正常和 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞。InsPR 活性或线粒体钙摄取的抑制增加了α-酮戊二酸 (αKG) 的丰度和 NAD/NADH 比,表明组成型内质网 (ER) 到线粒体钙转移促进了最佳的αKG 脱氢酶 (αKGDH) 活性。减少线粒体钙抑制了αKGDH 活性并增加了 NAD,这在 OXPHOS 功能正常和 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞中诱导了 SIRT1 依赖性自噬。尽管 OXPHOS 功能正常的细胞中的自噬通量促进了细胞存活,但在 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞中,由于自噬体溶酶体融合的抑制而受损。在 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞中,αKGDH 的抑制和自噬通量的受损导致钙从 ER 到线粒体的组成型通量中断时明显的细胞死亡。这些结果表明,线粒体在维持 OXPHOS 功能正常和 OXPHOS 有缺陷的细胞的生物能量学稳态中起着基本作用,钙调节αKGDH 活性起着关键作用。抑制 ER 到线粒体的钙转移可能代表一种针对癌症细胞的通用治疗策略,而与它们的 OXPHOS 状态无关。