Kang Tae-Cheon
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 15;9(7):617. doi: 10.3390/antiox9070617.
Mitochondria play an essential role in bioenergetics and respiratory functions for cell viability through numerous biochemical processes. To maintain mitochondria quality control and homeostasis, mitochondrial morphologies change rapidly in response to external insults and changes in metabolic status through fusion and fission (so called mitochondrial dynamics). Furthermore, damaged mitochondria are removed via a selective autophagosomal process, referred to as mitophagy. Although mitochondria are one of the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), they are themselves vulnerable to oxidative stress. Thus, endogenous antioxidant defense systems play an important role in cell survival under physiological and pathological conditions. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that maintains redox homeostasis by regulating antioxidant-response element (ARE)-dependent transcription and the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes. Although the Nrf2 system is positively associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial quality control, the relationship between Nrf2 signaling and mitochondrial dynamics/mitophagy has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. This review article describes recent clinical and experimental observations on the relationship between Nrf2 and mitochondrial dynamics/mitophagy in various neurological diseases.
线粒体通过众多生化过程在生物能量学和呼吸功能中发挥关键作用，以维持细胞活力。为维持线粒体质量控制和内环境稳定，线粒体形态会通过融合和裂变（即所谓的线粒体动力学）对外部损伤和代谢状态变化做出快速反应。此外，受损线粒体通过一种选择性自噬体过程被清除，即线粒体自噬。尽管线粒体是活性氧（ROS）的来源之一，但它们自身也易受氧化应激影响。因此，内源性抗氧化防御系统在生理和病理条件下的细胞存活中发挥重要作用。核因子红细胞2相关因子2（Nrf2）是一种对氧化还原敏感的转录因子，通过调节抗氧化反应元件（ARE）依赖的转录和抗氧化防御酶的表达来维持氧化还原稳态。尽管Nrf2系统与线粒体生物发生和线粒体质量控制呈正相关，但Nrf2信号与线粒体动力学/线粒体自噬之间的关系在文献中尚未得到充分探讨。这篇综述文章描述了近期关于Nrf2与各种神经疾病中线粒体动力学/线粒体自噬之间关系的临床和实验观察结果。
