Distinct Responses to Light in Plants.

The development of almost every living organism is, to some extent, regulated by light. When discussing light regulation on biological systems, one is referring to the sun that has long been positioned in the center of the solar system. Through light regulation, all life forms have evolved around the presence of the sun. As soon our planet started to develop an atmospheric shield against most of the detrimental solar UV rays, life invaded land, and in the presence of water, it thrived. Especially for plants, light (solar radiation) is the source of energy that controls a high number of developmental aspects of growth, a process called photomorphogenesis. Once hypocotyls reach soil's surface, its elongation deaccelerates, and the photosynthetic apparatus is established for an autotrophic growth due to the presence of light. Plants can sense light intensities, light quality, light direction, and light duration through photoreceptors that accurately detect alterations in the spectral composition (UV-B to far-red) and are located throughout the plant. The most well-known mechanism promoted by light occurring on plants is photosynthesis, which converts light energy into carbohydrates. Plants also use light to signal the beginning/end of key developmental processes such as the transition to flowering and dormancy. These two processes are particularly important for plant´s yield, since transition to flowering reduces the duration of the vegetative stage, and for plants growing under temperate or boreal climates, dormancy leads to a complete growth arrest. Understanding how light affects these processes enables plant breeders to produce crops which are able to retard the transition to flowering and avoid dormancy, increasing the yield of the plant.