Shandong University Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 15;17(14):5122. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145122.
Very few studies have examined the association between light cigarette smoking (i.e., ≤5 cigarettes per day) and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the association of light cigarette smoking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults in the United States. Data were from 13 waves of the National Health Interview Survey (1997 to 2009) that were linked to the National Death Index records through December 31, 2011. A total of 329,035 participants aged ≥18 years in the United States were included. Deaths were from all cause, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease and were confirmed by death certification. During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 34,862 participants died, of which 8415 were from cancer, 9031 from CVD, and 2040 from respiratory disease. Compared with never-smokers, participants who smoked 1-2 (hazard ratios (HR) = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.73-2.16) and 3-5 cigarettes (HR = 1.99, 1.83-2.17) per day were at higher risk of all-cause mortality after adjustment for demographic variables, lifestyle factors and physician-diagnosis of chronic disease. The associations were stronger for respiratory disease-specific mortality, followed by cancer-specific mortality and CVD-specific mortality. For example, the HRs (95% CIs) of smoking 1-2 cigarettes per day were 9.75 (6.15-15.46), 2.28 (1.84-2.84) and 1.93 (1.58-2.36), respectively, for these three cause-specific mortalities. This study indicates that light cigarette smoking increases risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults.
很少有研究调查轻度吸烟（即每天吸烟≤5 支）与死亡率之间的关系。本研究旨在调查美国成年人中轻度吸烟与全因和特定原因死亡率之间的关系。数据来自美国健康访谈调查的 13 个波次（1997 年至 2009 年），这些数据通过国家死亡指数记录与 2011 年 12 月 31 日进行了关联。共有 329035 名年龄在 18 岁及以上的美国参与者被纳入研究。所有原因、癌症、心血管疾病（CVD）和呼吸道疾病导致的死亡均通过死亡证明得到确认。在中位随访 8.2 年期间，有 34862 名参与者死亡，其中 8415 人死于癌症，9031 人死于 CVD，2040 人死于呼吸道疾病。与从不吸烟者相比，每天吸烟 1-2 支（危险比[HR] = 1.94，95%置信区间[CI] = 1.73-2.16）和 3-5 支（HR = 1.99，1.83-2.17）的参与者在调整人口统计学变量、生活方式因素和医生诊断的慢性疾病后，全因死亡率风险更高。这种关联在呼吸道疾病特异性死亡率、癌症特异性死亡率和心血管疾病特异性死亡率中更为显著。例如，每天吸烟 1-2 支的 HR（95%CI）分别为 9.75（6.15-15.46）、2.28（1.84-2.84）和 1.93（1.58-2.36）。本研究表明，轻度吸烟会增加美国成年人全因和特定原因死亡率的风险。
