Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Psychology, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2020 Dec;73(12):2093-2105. doi: 10.1177/1747021820945560. Epub 2020 Aug 25.
Retrieval practice improves long-term retention. However, it is currently debated if this testing effect can be further enhanced by overtly producing recalled responses. We addressed this issue using a standard cued-recall testing-effect paradigm with verb-noun action phrases (e.g., ) to prompt motor actions as a specifically powerful response format of recall. We then tested whether motorically performing the recalled verb targets (e.g., ) during an initial recall test () led to better long-term retention than silently retrieving them () or restudying the complete verb-noun phrases (). The results demonstrated a direct testing effect, in that long-term retention was enhanced for covert retrieval practice compared to restudy practice. Critically, enactment during retrieval further improved long-term retention beyond the effect of covert memory retrieval, both in a congruent noun-cued recall test after 1 week (Experiment 1) and in an incongruent verb-cued recall test of nouns after 2 weeks (Experiment 2). This finding suggests that successful memory retrieval and ensuing enactment contribute to future memory performance in parts via different mechanisms.
检索练习可以提高长期记忆。然而，目前还在争论是否可以通过公开生成回忆的反应来进一步增强这种测试效应。我们使用标准的提示回忆测试效应范式和动词-名词动作短语（例如）来解决这个问题，以提示运动动作作为回忆的一种特别有效的反应形式。然后，我们测试了在初始回忆测试（）期间是否通过运动执行回忆的动词目标（例如）比安静地回忆（）或重新学习完整的动词-名词短语（）能带来更好的长期记忆保留。结果表明，与重新学习练习相比，隐蔽的检索练习对长期记忆保留有直接的测试效应。至关重要的是，在检索过程中的表现超越了隐蔽记忆检索的效果，在 1 周后的一致名词提示回忆测试（实验 1）和 2 周后的不一致动词提示名词回忆测试（实验 2）中都得到了证明。这一发现表明，成功的记忆检索和随后的表现通过不同的机制在部分上有助于未来的记忆表现。
