Steffens Melanie C, Buchner Axel, Wender Karl F, Decker Claudia
Institut für Psychologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
Mem Cognit. 2007 Dec;35(8):1841-53. doi: 10.3758/bf03192919.
Verb-object phrases (open the umbrella, knock on the table) are usually remembered better if they have been enacted during study (also called subject-performed tasks) than if they have merely been learned verbally (verbal tasks). This enactment effect is particularly pronounced for phrases for which the objects (table) are present as cues in the study and test contexts. In previous studies with retrieval cues for some phrases, the enactment effect in free recall for the other phrases has been surprisingly small or even nonexistent. The present study tested whether the often replicated enactment effect in free recall can be found if none of the phrases contains context cues. In Experiment 1, we tested, and corroborated, the suppression hypothesis: The enactment effect for a given type of phrase (marker phrases) is modified by the presence or absence of cues for the other phrases in the list (experimental phrases). Experiments 2 and 3 replicated the enactment effect for phrases without cues. Experiment 2 also showed that the presence of cues either at study or at test is sufficient for obtaining a suppression effect, and Experiment 3 showed that the enactment effect may disappear altogether if retrieval cues are very salient.
如果动词 - 宾语短语（如“打开雨伞”“敲桌子”）在学习过程中被实际执行（也称为主体执行任务），通常会比仅仅通过口头学习（言语任务）记得更好。对于那些其宾语（如桌子）在学习和测试情境中作为线索出现的短语，这种执行效应尤为明显。在先前针对某些短语使用检索线索的研究中，其他短语在自由回忆中的执行效应小得出奇，甚至不存在。本研究测试了如果没有任何短语包含情境线索，是否还能在自由回忆中发现经常被复制的执行效应。在实验1中，我们测试并证实了抑制假说：给定类型短语（标记短语）的执行效应会因列表中其他短语（实验短语）线索的有无而改变。实验2和实验3复制了无线索短语的执行效应。实验2还表明，在学习或测试时出现线索足以产生抑制效应，实验3则表明，如果检索线索非常突出，执行效应可能会完全消失。
