Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020 Dec;18(12):677-689. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0413-0. Epub 2020 Jul 24.
Advances in imaging technologies have revealed that many bacteria possess organelles with a proteomically defined lumen and a macromolecular boundary. Some are bound by a lipid bilayer (such as thylakoids, magnetosomes and anammoxosomes), whereas others are defined by a lipid monolayer (such as lipid bodies), a proteinaceous coat (such as carboxysomes) or have a phase-defined boundary (such as nucleolus-like compartments). These diverse organelles have various metabolic and physiological functions, facilitating adaptation to different environments and driving the evolution of cellular complexity. This Review highlights that, despite the diversity of reported organelles, some unifying concepts underlie their formation, structure and function. Bacteria have fundamental mechanisms of organelle formation, through which conserved processes can form distinct organelles in different species depending on the proteins recruited to the luminal space and the boundary of the organelle. These complex subcellular compartments provide evolutionary advantages as well as enabling metabolic specialization, biogeochemical processes and biotechnological advances. Growing evidence suggests that the presence of organelles is the rule, rather than the exception, in bacterial cells.
成像技术的进步表明，许多细菌拥有具有蛋白质定义的内腔和大分子边界的细胞器。有些细胞器由脂质双层（如类囊体、磁粒体和厌氧氨氧化体）组成，而另一些则由脂质单层（如脂滴）、蛋白质外壳（如羧化体）或具有相定义的边界（如类核小体隔室）组成。这些不同的细胞器具有各种代谢和生理功能，有助于适应不同的环境并推动细胞复杂性的进化。本综述强调，尽管报道的细胞器多种多样，但它们的形成、结构和功能存在一些统一的概念。细菌具有细胞器形成的基本机制，通过这些机制，保守的过程可以根据被招募到腔空间和细胞器边界的蛋白质在不同物种中形成不同的细胞器。这些复杂的亚细胞隔室提供了进化优势，同时使代谢特化、生物地球化学过程和生物技术进步成为可能。越来越多的证据表明，细胞器的存在是细菌细胞的规则，而不是例外。
