Effects of conditioner retention time during pelleting of starter feed on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and performance of Holstein female dairy calves.

This study evaluated the effects of conditioner retention time during the pelleting process of starter feed on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and growth performance of dairy calves. A total of 30 Holstein female dairy calves [40 ± 1.93 kg of body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) pelleted starter conditioned for 0 min (CON), (2) pelleted starter conditioned for 2 min, and (3) pelleted starter conditioned for 4 min. Three pelleted starter feeds had similar nutritional composition, and the starters were blended with 3% chopped wheat straw and fed to individually housed calves from d 3 to 70 of age. All calves were fed 4 L/d of pasteurized whole milk twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h from d 3 to 50 of calf age, followed by 2 L/d of morning feeding from 51 to 56 d of age. All calves were weaned on d 56 of age and remained in the study until d 70 of age. With the increase of conditioner retention time during pellet processing for 0, 2, and 4 min, the gelatinized starch content of pelleted starter feed linearly increased from 14, 30, and 45%, respectively. Additionally, the pellet durability and hardness also linearly increased with increasing conditioner retention time during pelleting. Feeding pelleted feed prepared using different conditioner retention time did not affect feed dry matter intake, metabolizable energy intake, weaning BW, final BW, or feed efficiency during the study. We observed no differences in the total-tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein around weaning (d 49 to 56 of age) and after weaning (d 63 to 70 of calf cage); however, the digestibility of dry matter and starch after weaning was increased with increasing conditioner retention time during pelleting of starter feed. No difference was found in overall average daily gain (ADG) or growth rates of hip height, withers height, and heart girth. Ruminal volatile fatty acid profile was not affected by pelleting under different conditioner retention times. The ruminal ammonia concentration tended to be lower for calves fed the 4-min diet compared with those fed the CON diet during the postweaning period. The postweaning (d 57-70 of age) ADG was greater for calves fed the 4-min diet compared with those fed the CON diet. In conclusion, the conditioning time during the pelleting process of starter feed increased the gelatinization of starch, durability, and hardness of the pellets but did not influence feed intake, feed efficiency, and skeletal growth during the first 70 d of age. Increasing conditioning time during the pelleting process improved postweaning ADG; however, the final BW of calves was similar among treatments.