Taeniid cestodes in Tibetan foxes () detected by copro-PCR: Applications and challenges.

Tibetan foxes () have been confirmed as the main wild definitive hosts in echinococcosis transmission in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. However, little information is available about the epidemiology in wildlife from the perspective of the Taeniidae family, which is essential knowledge in understanding the epidemiology and phylogeography of cestode species in the Tibetan plateau. Therefore, in this study, we used copro-PCR techniques, by amplifying and gene fragments, to detect the taeniid species from Tibetan fox feces collected in Shiqu County, (Sichuan Province, China), eastern Tibetan Plateau. Phylogenetic relationships between amplified sequences and existed species genotypes were evaluated. Then, the maximum prevalence (positive PCR results from at least one primer pair) and the conservative prevalence (positive PCR results from at least two primer pairs) were calculated. Thirty-six Tibetan fox feces were analyzed. (conservative prevalence ± 95% CI: 22.2% ± 13.6%; maximum prevalence ± 95% CI: 33.3% ± 15.4%) and (2.8 ± 5.4%; 8.3 ± 9.0%) was detected. Meanwhile, DNA fragments of were detected with high similarity to NCBI sequences (, 94.0%) and to the larva sample DNA sequenced in this study (93.4%), and were supported by phylogenetic analysis. Thus, might infect Tibetan foxes (5.6% ± 7.5%, 11.1% ± 10.3%). Our limited findings in the epidemiology of parasitic species suggest that sylvatic transmission cycles for a more species-rich Taeniid community must be established between wild canids and small mammals than just for the two species. Besides, discrepancies in different primer pairs in detecting the taeniid species were evaluated. The sensitivity of some widely used universal primer pairs was poor in detecting species from canid copro-DNA samples. It is still challenging to the development of effective taeniid species-specific molecular markers especially for non-zoonotic species.