The Lisu people's traditional natural philosophy and its potential impact on conservation planning in the Laojun Mountain region, Yunnan Province, China.

In this study, we explored a conservation process from an ethnoprimatological perspective for the management of national parks and nature reserves. We accumulated attitude and knowledge data on the traditional culture, religion, and current attitudes to conservation of rural and urban groups of ethnic Lisu people, who live in the village of Liju or have migrated to urban areas, respectively. The data clearly indicated that most of the interviewees had similar feelings and attitudes toward the conservation of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) and Laojun Mountain National Park (LMNP), irrespective of whether they live in or have moved away from their home village, or if their educational background differs. Both the rural (96.6%) and urban (100%) interviewees expressed their deep affection for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys and supported (90.3% and 89.0%, respectively) the seasonal closure of mountainous areas for conservation purposes. The Lisu peoples culture, history, and traditions were evaluated with regards to the developing trend for environmentalism, and their advanced attitudes toward environmental protection and resource utilization exceeded our expectations. The results of this study show huge potential for the optimal mitigation of human-animal conflict in the context of conservation planning not only for LMNP but also for other national parks and nature reserves.