Management of infections caused by WHO critical priority Gram-negative pathogens in Arab countries of the Middle East: a consensus paper.

Antimicrobial resistance is an important global issue that impacts the efficacy of established antimicrobial therapy. This is true globally and within the Arab countries of the Middle East, where a range of key Gram-negative pathogens pose challenges to effective therapy. There is a need to establish effective treatment recommendations for this region given specific challenges to antimicrobial therapy, including variations in the availability of antimicrobials, infrastructure and specialist expertise. This consensus provides regional recommendations for the first-line treatment of hospitalized patients with serious infections caused by World Health Organization critical priority Gram-negative pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems, and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins. A working group comprising experts in infectious disease across the region was assembled to review contemporary literature and provide additional consensus on the treatment of key pathogens. Detailed therapeutic recommendations are formulated for these pathogens with a focus on bacteraemia, nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and intra-abdominal infections. First-line treatment options are provided, along with alternative agents that may be used where variations in antimicrobial availability exist or where local preferences and resistance patterns should be considered. These recommendations take into consideration the diverse social and healthcare structures of the Arab countries of the Middle East, meeting a need that is not filled by international guidelines. There is a need for these recommendations to be updated continually to reflect changes in antimicrobial resistance in the region, as well as drug availability and emerging data from clinical trials.