John Paul II Center for Virtual Anatomy and Surgical Simulation, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, Woycickiego 1/3, Block 12, room 1220, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland.
Neuroinformatics. 2021 Jan;19(1):1-22. doi: 10.1007/s12021-020-09481-9.
Human brain atlases have been evolving tremendously, propelled recently by brain big projects, and driven by sophisticated imaging techniques, advanced brain mapping methods, vast data, analytical strategies, and powerful computing. We overview here this evolution in four categories: content, applications, functionality, and availability, in contrast to other works limited mostly to content. Four atlas generations are distinguished: early cortical maps, print stereotactic atlases, early digital atlases, and advanced brain atlas platforms, and 5 avenues in electronic atlases spanning the last two generations. Content-wise, new electronic atlases are categorized into eight groups considering their scope, parcellation, modality, plurality, scale, ethnicity, abnormality, and a mixture of them. Atlas content developments in these groups are heading in 23 various directions. Application-wise, we overview atlases in neuroeducation, research, and clinics, including stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, neuroradiology, neurology, and stroke. Functionality-wise, tools and functionalities are addressed for atlas creation, navigation, individualization, enabling operations, and application-specific. Availability is discussed in media and platforms, ranging from mobile solutions to leading-edge supercomputers, with three accessibility levels. The major application-wise shift has been from research to clinical practice, particularly in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, although clinical applications are still lagging behind the atlas content progress. Atlas functionality also has been relatively neglected until recently, as the management of brain data explosion requires powerful tools. We suggest that the future human brain atlas-related research and development activities shall be founded on and benefit from a standard framework containing the core virtual brain model cum the brain atlas platform general architecture.
人脑图谱经历了巨大的发展，最近受到大脑大型项目的推动，并受到复杂的成像技术、先进的脑图谱绘制方法、大量的数据、分析策略和强大的计算能力的驱动。我们从四个方面概述了这种演变：内容、应用、功能和可用性，与其他主要关注内容的工作不同。区分了四个图谱世代：早期皮质图谱、印刷立体定向图谱、早期数字图谱和高级脑图谱平台，以及跨越最后两代的电子图谱的 5 个途径。在内容方面，根据其范围、分割、模态、多样性、规模、种族、异常和它们的混合，将新的电子图谱分为八组。在内容发展方面，这些图谱组朝着 23 个不同的方向发展。在应用方面，我们综述了神经教育、研究和临床应用中的图谱，包括立体定向和功能神经外科、神经放射学、神经病学和中风。在功能方面，解决了图谱创建、导航、个体化、操作启用和特定应用的工具和功能。可用性在媒体和平台方面进行了讨论，范围从移动解决方案到最先进的超级计算机，具有三个可访问级别。主要的应用方向已经从研究转移到临床实践，特别是在立体定向和功能神经外科方面，尽管临床应用仍落后于图谱内容的发展。直到最近，图谱功能也相对被忽视，因为大脑数据爆炸的管理需要强大的工具。我们建议，未来的人脑图谱相关研究和开发活动应基于并受益于包含核心虚拟大脑模型和脑图谱平台总体架构的标准框架。
