Kaur Malkiet, Nagpal Manju, Singh Manjinder
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
Curr Drug Targets. 2020;21(16):1640-1651. doi: 10.2174/1389450121666200731173522.
Bone is a dynamic tissue that continuously undergoes the modeling and remodeling process to maintain its strength and firmness. Bone remodeling is determined by the functioning of osteoblast and osteoclast cells. The imbalance between the functioning of osteoclast and osteoblast cells leads to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is divided into primary and secondary osteoporosis. Generally, osteoporosis is diagnosed by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) and various osteoblast and osteoclast cell markers.
Relevant literature reports have been studied and data has been collected using various search engines like google scholar, scihub, sciencedirect, pubmed, etc. A thorough understanding of the mechanism of bone targeting strategies has been discussed and related literature has been studied and compiled.
Bone remodeling process has been described in detail including various approaches for targeting bone. Several bone targeting moieties have been stated in detail along with their mechanisms. Targeting of osteoclasts and osteoblasts using various nanocarriers has been discussed in separate sections. The toxicity issues or Biosafety related to the use of nanomaterials have been covered.
The treatment of osteoporosis targets the inhibition of bone resorption and the use of agents that promote bone mineralization to slow disease progression. Current osteoporosis therapy involves the use of targeting moieties such as bisphosphonates and tetracyclines for targeting various drugs. Nanotechnology has been used for targeting various drug molecules such as RANKLinhibitors, parathyroid hormone analogues, estrogen agonists and antagonists, Wnt signaling enhancer and calcitonin specifically to bone tissue (osteoclast and osteoblasts). So, a multicomponent treatment strategy targeting both the bone cells will be more effective rather than targeting only osteoclasts and it will be a potential area of research in bone targeting used to treat osteoporosis. The first section of the review article covers various aspects of bone targeting. Another section comprises details of various targeting moieties such as bisphosphonates, tetracyclines; and various nanocarriers developed to target osteoclast and osteoblast cells and summarized data on in vivo models has been used for assessment of bone targeting, drawbacks of current strategies and future perspectives.
骨骼是一种动态组织，不断经历塑形和重塑过程以维持其强度和坚固性。骨重塑由成骨细胞和破骨细胞的功能决定。破骨细胞和成骨细胞功能之间的失衡会导致骨质疏松症。骨质疏松症分为原发性和继发性骨质疏松症。一般来说，骨质疏松症通过测量骨矿物质密度（BMD）以及各种成骨细胞和破骨细胞标志物来诊断。
研究了相关文献报告，并使用谷歌学术、scihub、ScienceDirect、PubMed等各种搜索引擎收集数据。讨论了对骨靶向策略机制的深入理解，并研究和汇编了相关文献。
详细描述了骨重塑过程，包括各种靶向骨的方法。详细阐述了几种骨靶向部分及其机制。在单独的章节中讨论了使用各种纳米载体靶向破骨细胞和成骨细胞的情况。涵盖了与使用纳米材料相关的毒性问题或生物安全性。
骨质疏松症的治疗旨在抑制骨吸收，并使用促进骨矿化的药物来减缓疾病进展。当前的骨质疏松症治疗涉及使用双膦酸盐和四环素等靶向部分来靶向各种药物。纳米技术已用于将各种药物分子，如RANKL抑制剂、甲状旁腺激素类似物、雌激素激动剂和拮抗剂、Wnt信号增强剂和降钙素，特异性地靶向骨组织（破骨细胞和成骨细胞）。因此，针对两种骨细胞的多组分治疗策略将比仅靶向破骨细胞更有效，并且将成为用于治疗骨质疏松症的骨靶向研究的潜在领域。综述文章的第一部分涵盖了骨靶向的各个方面。另一部分包括各种靶向部分的详细信息，如双膦酸盐、四环素；以及为靶向破骨细胞和成骨细胞而开发的各种纳米载体，并使用体内模型的汇总数据来评估骨靶向、当前策略的缺点和未来前景。
