Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 3;10(1):13048. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8.
The knowledge of relationships between taxa is essential to understand and explain the chemical diversity of the respective groups. Here, twelve individuals of the panpulmonate slug Peronia persiae from two localities in Persian Gulf, and one animal of P. verruculata from Bangka Island, Indonesia, were analyzed in a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic framework. Based on the ABGD test and haplotype networking using COI gene sequences of Peronia specimens, nine well-supported clades were found. Haplotype network analysis highlighted a considerable distance between the specimens of P. persiae and other clades. Metabolomic analysis of both species using tandem mass spectrometry-based GNPS molecular networking revealed a large chemical diversity within Peronia of different clades and localities. While P. persiae from different localities showed a highly similar metabolome, only few identical chemical features were found across the clades. The main common metabolites in both Peronia species were assigned as polypropionate esters of onchitriols and ilikonapyrones, and osmoprotectant amino acid-betaine compounds. On the other hand, the isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein were exclusively detected in P. persiae, while cholesterol and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acids were only found in P. verruculata. Flavonoids, bile acids, and amino acid-betaine compounds were not reported before from Onchidiidae, some are even new for panpulmonates. Our chemical analyses indicate a close chemotaxonomic relation between phylogeographically distant Peronia species.
了解分类单元之间的关系对于理解和解释各自类群的化学多样性至关重要。在这里，我们对来自波斯湾两个地点的 12 个 Peronia persiae 个体和印度尼西亚邦加岛的 1 个 P. verruculata 个体进行了系统发育和化学分类学分析。基于 ABGD 测试和使用 COI 基因序列进行的 Peronia 标本单倍型网络分析，发现了 9 个支持良好的分支。单倍型网络分析突出显示了 P. persiae 标本与其他分支之间的相当大的距离。使用串联质谱基于 GNPS 分子网络对这两个物种进行的代谢组学分析显示，不同分支和不同地点的 Peronia 具有很大的化学多样性。虽然来自不同地点的 P. persiae 表现出高度相似的代谢组，但在整个分支中仅发现了少数相同的化学特征。这两个 Peronia 物种的主要共同代谢物被分配为不同分支和不同地点的 onchitriols 和 ilikonapyrones 的多丙酸酯和渗透保护氨基酸甜菜碱化合物。另一方面，异黄酮染料木素和大豆苷元仅在 P. persiae 中被检测到，而胆固醇和共轭鹅脱氧胆酸仅在 P. verruculata 中被发现。类黄酮、胆汁酸和氨基酸甜菜碱化合物以前从未在 Onchidiidae 中报道过，其中一些甚至是新的泛肺类动物。我们的化学分析表明，地理上遥远的 Peronia 物种之间存在密切的化学分类关系。
