Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Nat Metab. 2020 Sep;2(9):817-828. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4. Epub 2020 Aug 3.
The continual supply of ATP to the fundamental cellular processes that underpin skeletal muscle contraction during exercise is essential for sports performance in events lasting seconds to several hours. Because the muscle stores of ATP are small, metabolic pathways must be activated to maintain the required rates of ATP resynthesis. These pathways include phosphocreatine and muscle glycogen breakdown, thus enabling substrate-level phosphorylation ('anaerobic') and oxidative phosphorylation by using reducing equivalents from carbohydrate and fat metabolism ('aerobic'). The relative contribution of these metabolic pathways is primarily determined by the intensity and duration of exercise. For most events at the Olympics, carbohydrate is the primary fuel for anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of exercise metabolism and the key regulatory mechanisms ensuring that ATP resynthesis is closely matched to the ATP demand of exercise. We also summarize various interventions that target muscle metabolism for ergogenic benefit in athletic events.
在持续的运动中，为了给支撑骨骼肌肉收缩的基础细胞过程提供源源不断的三磷酸腺苷（ATP），以维持几秒到数小时不等的运动表现，这对运动员来说是至关重要的。由于肌肉中 ATP 的储量较少，代谢途径必须被激活以维持所需的 ATP 再合成速率。这些途径包括磷酸肌酸和肌肉糖原分解，从而使底物水平磷酸化（“无氧”）和利用碳水化合物和脂肪代谢产生的还原当量的氧化磷酸化（“有氧”）成为可能。这些代谢途径的相对贡献主要取决于运动的强度和持续时间。对于奥运会的大多数项目来说，碳水化合物是无氧和有氧代谢的主要燃料。在这里，我们概述了运动代谢以及确保 ATP 再合成与运动的 ATP 需求紧密匹配的关键调节机制。我们还总结了各种针对肌肉代谢的干预措施，以在体育赛事中获得有益的效果。
