Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
Curr Drug Deliv. 2021;18(4):408-420. doi: 10.2174/1567201817666200804105416.
Vesicular systems have many advantages like prolonging the existence of the drug in the systemic circulation, minimizing the undesirable side-effects and helping the active moieties to reach their target sites using the carriers. However, the main drawback related to transdermal delivery is to cross stratum corneum, which can be overcome by the utilization of novel carrier systems e.g., transfersomes, which are ultra-deformable carrier systems composed of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) and edge activators (surfactants). Edge activators are responsible for the flexibility of the bilayer membranes of transfersomes. Different edge activators used in transfersomes include tween, span, bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. These activators decrease the interfacial tension, thereby, increasing the deformability of the carrier system. Transfersomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into a vesicular structure, which consists of one or more concentric bilayers. Due to the elastic nature of transfersomes, they can easily cross the natural physiological barriers i.e., skin and deliver the drug to its active site. The main benefit of using transfersomes as a carrier is the delivery of macromolecules through the skin by non-invasive route thereby increasing the patient's compliance. The transfersomal formulations can be used in the treatment of ocular diseases, alopecia, vulvovaginal candidiasis, osteoporosis, atopic dermatitis, tumor, leishmaniasis. It is also used in the delivery of growth hormones, anaesthesia, insulin, proteins, and herbal drugs. This review also focuses on the patents and clinical studies for various transfersomal products.
囊泡系统具有许多优点，如延长药物在体循环中的存在时间、最小化不良反应、并利用载体帮助有效成分到达靶位。然而，经皮给药的主要缺点是要穿越角质层，这可以通过利用新型载体系统来克服，例如传递体，它是由磷脂（磷脂酰胆碱）和边缘活性剂（表面活性剂）组成的超变形载体系统。边缘活性剂负责传递体双层膜的柔韧性。传递体中使用的不同边缘活性剂包括吐温、司盘、胆汁盐（胆酸钠和脱氧胆酸钠）和甘草酸二钾。这些活性剂降低了界面张力，从而增加了载体系统的变形性。传递体可以将亲水性和疏水性药物包封到一个由一个或多个同心双层组成的囊泡结构中。由于传递体的弹性性质，它们可以轻易地穿过天然生理屏障，即皮肤，并将药物输送到其作用部位。使用传递体作为载体的主要好处是通过非侵入性途径将大分子递送至皮肤，从而提高患者的顺应性。传递体制剂可用于治疗眼部疾病、脱发、外阴阴道念珠菌病、骨质疏松症、特应性皮炎、肿瘤、利什曼病。它还可用于生长激素、麻醉、胰岛素、蛋白质和草药药物的递药。本综述还重点介绍了各种传递体产品的专利和临床研究。
