Selvarajan Vanitha, Obuobi Sybil, Ee Pui Lai Rachel
Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Front Chem. 2020 Jul 15;8:602. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00602. eCollection 2020.
The rapid emergence of drug resistance continues to outpace the development of new antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases. Conventional therapy is currently limited by drug access issues such as low intracellular drug accumulations, drug efflux by efflux pumps and/or enzymatic degradation. To improve access, targeted delivery using nanocarriers could provide the quantum leap in intracellular drug transport and retention. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) with crucial advantages such as large surface area, ease-of-functionalization, and biocompatibility, are one of the most commonly used nanoparticles in drug delivery applications. A porous variant, called the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), also confers additional amenities such as tunable pore size and volume, leading to high drug loading capacity. In the context of bacterial infections, SiNPs and its variants can act as a powerful tool for the targeted delivery of antimicrobials, potentially reducing the impact of high drug dosage and its side effects. In this review, we will provide an overview of SiNPs synthesis, its structural proficiency which is critical in loading and conjugation of antimicrobials and its role in different antimicrobial applications with emphasis on intracellular drug targeting in anti-tuberculosis therapy, nitric oxide delivery, and metal nanocomposites. The role of SiNPs in antibiofilm coatings will also be covered in the context of nosocomial infections and surgical implants.
在传染病治疗中，耐药性的迅速出现持续超过新型抗生素的研发速度。传统疗法目前受到药物摄取问题的限制，如细胞内药物蓄积量低、药物外排泵导致的药物外排和/或酶降解。为了改善药物摄取，使用纳米载体的靶向递送可以在细胞内药物转运和滞留方面实现巨大飞跃。具有大表面积、易于功能化和生物相容性等关键优势的二氧化硅纳米颗粒（SiNPs）是药物递送应用中最常用的纳米颗粒之一。一种称为介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒（MSN）的多孔变体还具有诸如孔径和孔体积可调等额外优点，从而具有高载药能力。在细菌感染的背景下，SiNPs及其变体可以作为抗菌药物靶向递送的有力工具，有可能减少高药物剂量及其副作用的影响。在本综述中，我们将概述SiNPs的合成、其在抗菌药物负载和缀合中至关重要的结构优势，以及其在不同抗菌应用中的作用，重点是抗结核治疗中的细胞内药物靶向、一氧化氮递送和金属纳米复合材料。SiNPs在抗生物膜涂层中的作用也将在医院感染和外科植入物的背景下进行探讨。
