Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2021 Jan;27(1):89-98. doi: 10.1017/S1355617720000582. Epub 2020 Aug 7.
This study aims to generate country-specific norms for two episodic memory tasks and a verbal fluency test among middle-aged and older adults using nationally representative data from nine low-, middle-, and high-income countries.
Data from nine countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America were analyzed (n = 42,116; aged 50 years or older). Episodic memory was assessed with the word list memory (three trials of immediate recall) and word list recall (delayed recall). Verbal fluency was measured through the animal naming task. Multiple linear regression models with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, education, and residential area were carried out.
Both age and education showed high influence on test performance (i.e. lower cognitive performance with increasing age and decreasing years of education, respectively), while the effect of sex and residential area on cognitive function was neither homogeneous across countries nor across cognitive tasks.
Our study provided sex-, age-, education-, and residential area-specific regression-based norms that were obtained from one of the largest normative study worldwide on verbal recall and fluency tests to date. Findings derived from this study will be especially useful for clinicians and researchers based at countries where cognitive norms are limited.
本研究旨在利用来自非洲、亚洲、欧洲和拉丁美洲 9 个中低收入国家的全国代表性数据，为中年及以上人群生成两种情景记忆任务和言语流畅性测试的特定国家常模。
对来自 9 个国家（n=42116；年龄在 50 岁及以上）的数据进行了分析。情景记忆通过单词列表记忆（三个即时回忆测验）和单词列表回忆（延迟回忆）进行评估。言语流畅性通过动物命名任务进行测量。针对性别、年龄、教育程度和居住地区，对每个国家进行了特定的多元线性回归模型调整。
年龄和教育程度对测试表现有很大影响（即年龄越大、受教育年限越少，认知表现越低），而性别和居住地区对认知功能的影响在各国之间和各种认知任务之间并不一致。
本研究提供了基于回归的特定于性别、年龄、教育程度和居住地区的常模，这些常模是迄今为止最大的全球范围内关于言语回忆和流畅性测试的规范性研究之一得出的。本研究的结果将对基于认知常模有限的国家的临床医生和研究人员特别有用。
