Priest Shelby J, Yadav Vikas, Heitman Joseph
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, USA.
F1000Res. 2020 Jul 27;9. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.25424.1. eCollection 2020.
Diversity within the fungal kingdom is evident from the wide range of morphologies fungi display as well as the various ecological roles and industrial purposes they serve. Technological advances, particularly in long-read sequencing, coupled with the increasing efficiency and decreasing costs across sequencing platforms have enabled robust characterization of fungal genomes. These sequencing efforts continue to reveal the rampant diversity in fungi at the genome level. Here, we discuss studies that have furthered our understanding of fungal genetic diversity and genomic evolution. These studies revealed the presence of both small-scale and large-scale genomic changes. In fungi, research has recently focused on many small-scale changes, such as how hypermutation and allelic transmission impact genome evolution as well as how and why a few specific genomic regions are more susceptible to rapid evolution than others. High-throughput sequencing of a diverse set of fungal genomes has also illuminated the frequency, mechanisms, and impacts of large-scale changes, which include chromosome structural variation and changes in chromosome number, such as aneuploidy, polyploidy, and the presence of supernumerary chromosomes. The studies discussed herein have provided great insight into how the architecture of the fungal genome varies within species and across the kingdom and how modern fungi may have evolved from the last common fungal ancestor and might also pave the way for understanding how genomic diversity has evolved in all domains of life.
真菌界的多样性从真菌呈现出的广泛形态以及它们所发挥的各种生态作用和工业用途中可见一斑。技术进步，尤其是长读长测序技术的进步，再加上各测序平台效率的提高和成本的降低，使得对真菌基因组进行强有力的表征成为可能。这些测序工作不断揭示出真菌在基因组水平上的广泛多样性。在此，我们讨论一些深化了我们对真菌遗传多样性和基因组进化理解的研究。这些研究揭示了小规模和大规模基因组变化的存在。在真菌中，近期的研究聚焦于许多小规模变化，比如超突变和等位基因传递如何影响基因组进化，以及为何少数特定基因组区域比其他区域更容易快速进化。对多种真菌基因组进行的高通量测序也阐明了大规模变化的频率、机制和影响，这些变化包括染色体结构变异以及染色体数目变化，如非整倍体、多倍体和额外染色体的存在。本文所讨论的研究为了解真菌基因组结构在物种内部和整个真菌界如何变化，以及现代真菌可能如何从最后的共同真菌祖先进化而来提供了深刻见解，也可能为理解生命所有领域的基因组多样性如何进化铺平道路。
