Yagüe José María, Molinero Olga, Alba José Ángel, Redondo Juan Carlos
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain.
J Hum Kinet. 2020 Jul 21;73:209-218. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0145. eCollection 2020 Jul.
The concept of the relative age effect refers to the consequences of the physical and psychological differences that may exist between those born earlier or later within the same calendar year. The objective of the present study was to examine this phenomenon in Spanish professional soccer, identifying the influences of the competitive level and the club of origin. The sample comprised 2,130 individuals from five competitive categories: under 12 (U12; n = 480), under 14 (U14; n = 338), under 16 (U16; n = 390), under 19 years old (U19; n = 489) and professional players (n = 433), with nine teams from the Spanish professional soccer league (PSL). Statistical analysis was based on a chi-squared test followed by calculation of the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The main results show that at all levels of competition there was over-representation of individuals born in the first few months of the year. By clubs, the same over-representation was observed. It may be concluded that the relative age effect is consistent and exists throughout Spanish soccer, whether at youth or professional levels. An analysis by age categories showed a more pronounced effect in those competitions in which the youngest players participate, while in clubs the effect continued to be significantly present in all cases investigated in the study.
相对年龄效应的概念指的是在同一年中出生早晚的人之间可能存在的身体和心理差异所产生的后果。本研究的目的是在西班牙职业足球中考察这一现象，确定竞争水平和球员出身俱乐部的影响。样本包括来自五个竞争类别的2130名个体：12岁以下（U12；n = 480）、14岁以下（U14；n = 338）、16岁以下（U16；n = 390）、19岁以下（U19；n = 489）以及职业球员（n = 433），来自西班牙职业足球联赛（PSL）的九支球队。统计分析基于卡方检验，随后计算优势比和95%置信区间。主要结果表明，在所有竞争水平上，年初几个月出生的个体比例过高。按俱乐部来看，也观察到了同样的比例过高现象。可以得出结论，相对年龄效应是一致的，并且在西班牙足球的各个层面都存在，无论是青年层面还是职业层面。按年龄类别进行的分析表明，在最年轻球员参加的比赛中，这种效应更为明显，而在俱乐部中，在本研究调查的所有情况下，这种效应仍然显著存在。
