Whytock Katie L, Shepherd Sam O, Cocks Matt, Wagenmakers Anton J M, Strauss Juliette A
Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
Eur J Nutr. 2021 Apr;60(3):1605-1617. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02357-3. Epub 2020 Aug 13.
High-fat, high-calorie (HFHC) diets have been used as a model to investigate lipid-induced insulin resistance. Short-term HFHC diets reduce insulin sensitivity in young healthy males, but to date, no study has directly compared males and females to elucidate sex-specific differences in the effects of a HFHC diet on functional metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.
Eleven males (24 ± 4 years; BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m; V̇O 62.3 ± 8.7 ml.min.kgFFM) were matched to 10 females (25 ± 4 years; BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m; V̇O 58.2 ± 8.2 ml.min.kgFFM). Insulin sensitivity, measured via oral glucose tolerance test, metabolic flexibility, arterial stiffness, body composition and blood lipids and liver enzymes were measured before and after 7 days of a high-fat (65% energy) high-calorie (+ 50% kcal) diet.
The HFHC diet did not change measures of insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility or arterial stiffness in either sex. There was a trend towards increased total body fat mass (kg) after the HFHC diet (+ 1.8% and + 2.3% for males and females, respectively; P = 0.056). In contrast to females, males had a significant increase in trunk to leg fat mass ratio (+ 5.1%; P = 0.005).
Lean, healthy young males and females appear to be protected from the negative cardio-metabolic effects of a 7-day HFHC diet. Future research should use a prolonged positive energy balance achieved via increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure to exacerbate negative metabolic and cardiovascular functional outcomes to determine whether sex-specific differences exist under more metabolically challenging conditions.
高脂、高热量（HFHC）饮食已被用作研究脂质诱导的胰岛素抵抗的模型。短期HFHC饮食会降低年轻健康男性的胰岛素敏感性，但迄今为止，尚无研究直接比较男性和女性，以阐明HFHC饮食对功能性代谢和心血管结局影响的性别差异。
11名男性（24±4岁；体重指数23±2kg/m；每分钟每千克去脂体重耗氧量62.3±8.7ml）与10名女性（25±4岁；体重指数23±2kg/m；每分钟每千克去脂体重耗氧量58.2±8.2ml）进行匹配。在高脂（65%能量）高热量（+50%千卡）饮食7天前后，通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验测量胰岛素敏感性、代谢灵活性、动脉僵硬度、身体成分以及血脂和肝酶。
HFHC饮食在两性中均未改变胰岛素敏感性、代谢灵活性或动脉僵硬度的测量值。HFHC饮食后全身脂肪量（千克）有增加趋势（男性和女性分别增加1.8%和2.3%；P=0.056）。与女性不同，男性躯干与腿部脂肪量之比显著增加（+5.1%；P=0.005）。
瘦的、健康的年轻男性和女性似乎对7天HFHC饮食的负面心脏代谢影响具有抵抗力。未来的研究应通过增加能量摄入和减少能量消耗来实现长期的正能量平衡，以加剧负面的代谢和心血管功能结局，从而确定在更具代谢挑战性的条件下是否存在性别差异。
