Mavridis Pablo, Kärtner Joscha, Cavalcante Lília Iêda Chaves, Resende Briseida, Schuhmacher Nils, Köster Moritz
Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Department of Behavior Theory and Research, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 24;11:1623. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01623. eCollection 2020.
Human perception differs profoundly between individuals from different cultures. In the present study, we investigated the development of context-sensitive attention (the relative focus on context elements of a visual scene) in a large sample ( = 297) of 5- to 15-year-olds and young adults from rural and urban Brazil, namely from agricultural villages in the Amazon region and the city of São Paulo. We applied several visual tasks which assess context-sensitive attention, including an optical illusion, a picture description, a picture recognition and a facial emotion judgment task. The results revealed that children and adults from the urban sample had a higher level of context-sensitive attention, when compared to children and adults from the rural sample. In particular, participants from São Paulo were more easily deceived by the context elements in an optical illusion task and remembered more context elements in a recognition task than participants from rural Amazon villages. In these two tasks, context-sensitivity increased with age. However, we did not find a cultural difference in the picture description and the facial emotion judgment task. These findings support the idea that visual information processing is highly dependent on the culture-specific learning environments from very early in development. Specifically, they are more consistent with accounts that emphasize the role of the visual environment, than with the social orientation account. However, they also highlight that further research is needed to disentangle the diverse factors that may influence the early development of visual attention, which underlie culture-specific developmental pathways.
来自不同文化背景的个体之间，人类感知存在着深刻差异。在本研究中，我们调查了来自巴西农村和城市（即亚马逊地区的农业村庄和圣保罗市）的5至15岁儿童、青少年以及年轻人（样本量 = 297）的情境敏感注意力（对视觉场景中情境元素的相对关注）的发展情况。我们运用了多项评估情境敏感注意力的视觉任务，包括一项视觉错觉任务、一项图片描述任务、一项图片识别任务以及一项面部情绪判断任务。结果显示，与农村样本中的儿童和成年人相比，城市样本中的儿童和成年人具有更高水平的情境敏感注意力。具体而言，在视觉错觉任务中，圣保罗的参与者比来自亚马逊农村村庄的参与者更容易被情境元素误导，并且在识别任务中记住了更多的情境元素。在这两项任务中，情境敏感性随着年龄的增长而增加。然而，我们在图片描述任务和面部情绪判断任务中未发现文化差异。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即视觉信息处理从发育早期就高度依赖于特定文化的学习环境。具体来说，这些发现与强调视觉环境作用的观点更为一致，而不是与社会取向观点一致。然而，它们也突出表明，需要进一步研究以厘清可能影响视觉注意力早期发展的各种因素，这些因素构成了特定文化的发展路径。
