Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Oct;265(Pt A):115044. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115044. Epub 2020 Jun 24.
An alarming rise of micro-nano plastics (MNPs) in environment is currently causing the biggest threat to biotic and abiotic components around the globe. These pollutants, apart from being formed through fragmentation of larger plastic pieces and are also manufactured for commercial usage. MNPs enter agro-ecosystem, wildlife, and human body through the food chain, ingestion or through inhalation, causing blockage in the blood-brain barrier, lower fertility, and behavioural abnormalities among other problems. Hence, it becomes essential to develop novel procedures for remediation of MNPs. Among the numerous existing methods, microbial remediation promises to degrade/recover MNPs via a green route. Since microbial remediation processes mostly depend upon biotic and abiotic factors such as (temperature, pH, oxidative stress, etc.), it becomes easy to influence changes in the plastic pollutants. Hence, with the help of recent technologies, a complete degradation/removal of MNPs can be expected by utilizing the respective carbon content as energy sources for growth of microorganisms. In this review, considering the urgent environmental need, the impact of micro-nano plastics on ecosystem along with its corresponding degradation mechanisms has been brought out. Also, importance of the various recent research approaches in MNPs remediation is highlighted. Finally, the role of enzyme and membrane technology, nanoparticle technology, and metagenomics in remediation of MNPs are discussed for the first time in detail to bring out a novel remedy for the environment.
目前，环境中微纳米塑料（MNPs）的惊人增长正对全球的生物和非生物成分构成最大威胁。这些污染物除了通过较大塑料碎片的破碎形成外，还被制造出来用于商业用途。MNPs 通过食物链、摄入或吸入进入农业生态系统、野生动物和人体，在血液-大脑屏障中造成堵塞，降低生育能力，并导致行为异常等问题。因此，开发新型的 MNPs 修复方法变得至关重要。在众多现有方法中，微生物修复有望通过绿色途径降解/回收 MNPs。由于微生物修复过程主要依赖于生物和非生物因素（如温度、pH 值、氧化应激等），因此很容易影响塑料污染物的变化。因此，借助于最新技术，可以利用各自的碳含量作为微生物生长的能源，对 MNPs 进行完全降解/去除。在本次综述中，考虑到紧迫的环境需求，我们提出了微纳米塑料对生态系统的影响及其相应的降解机制。还强调了各种最新研究方法在 MNPs 修复中的重要性。最后，首次详细讨论了酶和膜技术、纳米颗粒技术和宏基因组学在 MNPs 修复中的作用，以提出一种环境修复的新方法。
