APINOV, Research and Training Center, 10 rue Henri Bessemer, 17140, Lagord, France.
Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7621, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2020 Sep;82(1):1-16. doi: 10.1007/s10493-020-00535-w. Epub 2020 Aug 18.
Varroa destructor is one of the greatest threats for the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Acaricides are required to control mite infestation. Three conventional chemical acaricide substances are used in France: tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin and amitraz. Tau-fluvalinate was used for over 10 years before experiencing a loss of effectiveness. In 1995, bioassay trials showed the first mite resistance to tau-fluvalinate. In some countries, amitraz was widely used, also leading to resistance of V. destructor to amitraz. In France, some efficiency field tests showed a loss of treatment effectiveness with amitraz. We adapted the bioassay from Maggi and collaborators to determine mite susceptibility to tau-fluvalinate and amitraz in France in 2018 and 2019. The lethal concentration (LC) which kills 90% of susceptible mite strains (LC) is 0.4 and 12 µg/mL for amitraz and tau-fluvalinate, respectively. These concentrations were chosen as the determining factors to evaluate mite susceptibility. Some mites, collected from different apiaries, present resistance to amitraz and tau-fluvalinate (71% of the mite samples show resistance to amitraz and 57% to tau-fluvalinate). As there are few active substances available in France, and if mite resistance to acaricides continues to increase, the effectiveness of the treatments will decrease and therefore more treatments per year will be necessary. To prevent this situation, a new strategy needs to be put in place to include mite resistance management. We suggest that a bioassay would be a good tool with which to advise the policymakers.
瓦螨是欧洲蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）面临的最大威胁之一。为了控制螨虫的滋生，需要使用杀螨剂。法国曾使用三种常规化学杀螨剂：tau-氟戊菊酯、氟氯苯菊酯和双甲脒。tau-氟戊菊酯在失去效力之前已使用了 10 多年。1995 年，生物测定试验显示出了螨虫对 tau-氟戊菊酯的首次抗药性。在一些国家，广泛使用了双甲脒，这也导致了瓦螨对双甲脒的抗药性。在法国，一些田间药效试验表明，双甲脒的治疗效果有所下降。我们改编了 Maggi 及其同事的生物测定方法，于 2018 年和 2019 年在法国确定了螨虫对 tau-氟戊菊酯和双甲脒的敏感性。杀死 90%敏感螨株的致死浓度（LC）分别为 0.4 和 12µg/mL。这两个浓度被选为评估螨虫敏感性的决定因素。从不同的养蜂场收集的一些螨虫对双甲脒和 tau-氟戊菊酯具有抗药性（71%的螨虫样本对双甲脒有抗药性，57%对 tau-氟戊菊酯有抗药性）。由于法国可用的活性物质很少，如果螨虫对杀螨剂的抗药性继续增加，治疗效果将会降低，因此每年需要进行更多的治疗。为了防止这种情况发生，需要制定新的策略来管理螨虫的抗药性。我们建议生物测定将是一个很好的工具，可以为决策者提供建议。
