Montgomery D L
Department of Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal.
Sports Med. 1988 Feb;5(2):99-126. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198805020-00003.
Ice hockey is characterized by high intensity intermittent skating, rapid changes in velocity and duration, and frequent body contact. The typical player performs for 15 to 20 minutes of a 60-minute game. Each shift lasts from 30 to 80 seconds with 4 to 5 minutes of recovery between shifts. The intensity and duration of a particular shift determines the extent of the contribution from aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The high intensity bursts require the hockey player to develop muscle strength, power, and anaerobic endurance. The length of the game and the need to recover quickly from each shift demands a good aerobic system. Physical characteristics of elite players show that defensemen are taller and heavier than forwards probably due to positional demands. Hockey players are mesomorphic in structure. They are relatively lean since excess mass is detrimental to their skating performance. There is a large interindividual variability in VO2 during skating. Both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are important during a hockey game. Peak heart rates during a shift on the ice exceed 90% of HRmax with average on-ice values of about 85% of HRmax. Blood lactate is elevated above resting values confirming the anaerobic nature of the game. Glycogen depletion studies show a preferential utilisation of glycogen from the slow twitch fibres but also significant depletion from the fast twitch fibres. Elite hockey players display a muscle fibre composition similar to untrained individuals. Physiological profiles of elite hockey teams reveal the importance of aerobic endurance, anaerobic power and endurance, muscular strength and skating speed. Training studies have attempted to improve specific components of hockey fitness. Using traditional laboratory tests, a season of hockey play shows gains in anaerobic endurance but no change in aerobic endurance. On-ice tests of hockey fitness have been recommended as an essential part of the hockey player's physiological profile. Existing training procedures may develop chronic muscular fatigue in hockey players. Lactic acidosis is associated with the onset and persistence of muscle fatigue. Muscle force output remains impaired throughout the hockey player's typical cycle of practices and games. A supplementary programme of low-intensity cycling during the competitive phase of training was unsuccessful in altering VO2max. Strength decrements during the hockey season are attributed to a lack of a specifically designed strength maintenance programmes. On-ice and off-ice training programmes should focus on the elevation of aerobic endurance, anaerobic power and endurance, muscular strength and skating speed.
冰球的特点是高强度间歇滑行、速度和持续时间的快速变化以及频繁的身体接触。在一场60分钟的比赛中，典型的球员上场时间为15至20分钟。每次上场持续30至80秒，上场之间有4至5分钟的恢复时间。特定上场的强度和持续时间决定了有氧和无氧能量系统的贡献程度。高强度爆发要求冰球运动员发展肌肉力量、爆发力和无氧耐力。比赛的长度以及从每次上场中快速恢复的需要要求有良好的有氧系统。精英球员的身体特征表明，由于位置需求，防守队员比前锋更高更重。冰球运动员的体型呈中胚层型。他们相对较瘦，因为多余的体重不利于他们的滑行表现。滑行过程中最大摄氧量存在很大的个体差异。在冰球比赛中，有氧和无氧能量系统都很重要。在冰上上场期间，心率峰值超过最大心率的90%，冰上平均心率约为最大心率的85%。血乳酸水平高于静息值，证实了比赛的无氧性质。糖原消耗研究表明，慢肌纤维中的糖原优先被利用，但快肌纤维中的糖原也有显著消耗。精英冰球运动员的肌肉纤维组成与未经训练的个体相似。精英冰球队的生理特征揭示了有氧耐力、无氧功率和耐力、肌肉力量和滑行速度的重要性。训练研究试图改善冰球体能的特定组成部分。使用传统实验室测试，一个冰球赛季的比赛显示无氧耐力有所提高，但有氧耐力没有变化。冰球体能的冰上测试被推荐为冰球运动员生理特征的重要组成部分。现有的训练程序可能会使冰球运动员产生慢性肌肉疲劳。乳酸酸中毒与肌肉疲劳的发生和持续有关。在冰球运动员的典型训练和比赛周期中，肌肉力量输出仍然受损。在训练的竞争阶段，低强度自行车补充计划未能改变最大摄氧量。冰球赛季期间力量下降归因于缺乏专门设计的力量维持计划。冰上和冰下训练计划应侧重于提高有氧耐力、无氧功率和耐力、肌肉力量和滑行速度。
