Warwick D P
Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Stud Fam Plann. 1988 Jan-Feb;19(1):1-18.
Integrating family planning programs with local cultures can increase or undermine their effectiveness. Program design and organization will be influenced by kinship and reproductive decision-making, which varies across regions, racial and communal divisions, and religions. Program implementation depends on four aspects of culture: (1) the understanding, acceptance, and continued practice of family planning by clients; (2) the climate in the organizations responsible for fieldwork, which affects the disposition to work and the tasks to be done; (3) the ability and willingness of field implementers to do their work; and (4) the communities in which clients live, including collective attitudes toward family planning and local pressures put on clients to participate. The Indonesian family planning program is a case in which these elements of culture are often positive. Other programs, such as that in Kenya, have a more negative environment for action.
将计划生育项目与当地文化相结合，可能会提高或削弱其效果。项目的设计和组织会受到亲属关系和生育决策的影响，而亲属关系和生育决策在不同地区、种族和社区划分以及宗教之间存在差异。项目的实施取决于文化的四个方面：（1）服务对象对计划生育的理解、接受和持续践行；（2）负责实地工作的组织的氛围，这会影响工作的积极性和要完成的任务；（3）实地实施者开展工作的能力和意愿；（4）服务对象生活的社区，包括对计划生育的集体态度以及施加给服务对象的参与计划生育的当地压力。印度尼西亚的计划生育项目就是一个文化因素通常起积极作用的例子。其他项目，比如肯尼亚的项目，则面临更为不利的行动环境。
