Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Dysphagia: A Synergistic Review.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading global cause of death and disability. The literature has previously established clear physiological characteristics of COPD-related dysphagia (swallowing difficulties). However, COPD and dysphagia are both also intimately tied to breathing and contribute to a cascade of secondary physio-psycho-emotional sequalae, such as COPD exacerbation, anxiety, depression, increased economic burden, social isolation, and decreased quality of life. Further, the collective impact of these comorbidities may magnify disease impact, resulting in a downward spiral of well-being. Thus, the clinical relevance of COPD's and dysphagia's frequently occurring and overlapping sequelae cannot be overlooked, as the disease-related burden of both disorders is deeply rooted in the presence of concomitant physiological and psycho-emotional consequences. The current review explores the complex network of interactions between COPD, dysphagia, and their outcomes, framing this relationship within a mind-body-breath framework. Ultimately, we propose a model that more comprehensively captures the constellation of interrelated disease characteristics and consequences, highlighting a need for researchers and healthcare providers to consider disease impact more broadly in order to maximize treatment outcomes.