Heidemann Marina Sucha, Molento Carla Forte Maiolino, Reis Germano Glufk, Phillips Clive Julian Christie
Animal Welfare Laboratory, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
School of Business Administration, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 4;11:1824. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01824. eCollection 2020.
Slaughter sets the debate about what is acceptable to do to animals at an extremely low bar. Recently, there has been considerable investment in developing cell-based meat, an alternative meat production process that does not require the raising and slaughtering of animals, instead using muscle cells cultivated in a bioreactor. We discuss the animal ethics impacts of cell-based and plant-based meat on human-animal interactions from animal welfare and rights perspectives, focusing on industrial meat production scenarios. Our hypothesis is that the insertion of cell-based meat in the global meat market may alleviate farm animal suffering and potentially restore resources for wild fauna. We employed a conservative estimation of the cell-based meat contribution to the global meat market in the year 2040 to analyze the consequences for human-animal relationships for both wild animals and farmed domesticated animals. We discuss possible effects of an animal cell domestication process, previously described as the second domestication, on human-animal relationships. We consider its potential to reduce the impact of human demographic changes and land use on animal life, in particular whether there would be increased biomass availability and free land for wild animals. We anticipate a major reduction in animal suffering due to the decrease in the number of individual animals involved in food production, which justifies the adoption of cell-based meat from a utilitarian perspective. For the conventional animal food production that remains, further consideration is needed to understand which systems, either high or low welfare, will be retained and the impact of the innovation on the average farm animal welfare. Additionally, it seems likely that there will be less acceptance of the necessity of animal suffering in farming systems when meat production is uncoupled from animal raising and slaughter, supported by a deontological perspective of animal ethics. Consequent to this is anticipated the mitigation of relevant barriers to animal protection and to the recognition of animals as subjects by legislation. Thus, the development of the alternative meats may be related to a significant change in our relationship with non-human animals, with greater benefits than the effects on farm animals.
斯劳特将关于对动物做什么是可接受的辩论门槛设定得极低。最近，在开发细胞培养肉方面有大量投资，这是一种替代肉类生产过程，不需要饲养和屠宰动物，而是使用在生物反应器中培养的肌肉细胞。我们从动物福利和权利的角度，讨论细胞培养肉和植物性肉对人类与动物互动的动物伦理影响，重点关注工业化肉类生产场景。我们的假设是，细胞培养肉进入全球肉类市场可能会减轻农场动物的痛苦，并有可能为野生动物恢复资源。我们对2040年细胞培养肉在全球肉类市场中的贡献进行了保守估计，以分析对野生动物和养殖家畜的人兽关系的影响。我们讨论了先前被描述为第二次驯化的动物细胞驯化过程对人兽关系的可能影响。我们考虑其减少人类人口变化和土地利用对动物生活影响的潜力，特别是是否会有更多的生物量可供野生动物利用以及更多的闲置土地。我们预计，由于参与食品生产的个体动物数量减少，动物的痛苦将大幅减少，从功利主义的角度来看，这证明了采用细胞培养肉的合理性。对于仍然存在的传统动物食品生产，需要进一步思考以了解哪些系统（高福利或低福利）将被保留，以及这种创新对农场动物平均福利的影响。此外，从动物伦理的道义论角度来看，当肉类生产与动物饲养和屠宰脱钩时，养殖系统中对动物痛苦必要性的接受度似乎可能会降低。由此预计，动物保护的相关障碍以及立法将动物视为主体的认可将得到缓解。因此，替代肉类的发展可能与我们与非人类动物关系的重大变化有关，其带来的好处超过了对农场动物的影响。
