Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan.
Environmental and Renewable Energy Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan.
Environ Manage. 2021 Mar;67(3):477-488. doi: 10.1007/s00267-020-01349-7. Epub 2020 Aug 27.
Water scarcity in Jordan is becoming more severe with time, which resulted in an indispensable need for economic innovative approaches to maximize the utilization of nonconventional water resources through reuse options. Within the framework of the current study, a novel vertical flow constructed wetland system was implemented for greywater treatment in four different rural areas in Jordan. In this paper, the primary objective was to develop a regression-based nonlinear model to predict BOD effluent concentration from the proposed system. The model obeyed the first-order kinetics and found to provide an efficient tool in predicting the effluent BOD value as exemplified by an R of 0.78. Moreover, a cost analysis was carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The economic results revealed a NPV range of 295-1209 JOD (420-1730$), IRR range of 6-10.7%, and a payback period range of 8.8-15.5 years. The average calculated costs of greywater treatment using the VFCWs were found to be 0.391 (USD/m treated) and 0.672 (USD/kg BOD removed). Finally, the energy saving from using the proposed system was quantified and an estimate of 70 JOD (100$)/year household was obtained.
约旦的水资源短缺问题随着时间的推移变得愈发严重，这导致有必要采取经济创新方法，通过再利用方案最大限度地利用非常规水资源。在本研究框架内，采用一种新型的垂直流人工湿地系统，对约旦四个不同农村地区的灰水进行处理。本文的主要目的是开发一个基于回归的非线性模型，预测该系统的 BOD 出水浓度。该模型遵循一级动力学，并被证明是一种有效的工具，可以预测出水中 BOD 值，其 R2 值为 0.78。此外，还进行了成本分析以验证该系统的可行性。经济分析结果显示，该系统的净现值（NPV）范围为 295-1209 约旦第纳尔（420-1730 美元），内部收益率（IRR）范围为 6-10.7%，投资回收期范围为 8.8-15.5 年。使用 VFCWs 处理灰水的平均计算成本为 0.391 约旦第纳尔（1 美元）/每处理立方米和 0.672 约旦第纳尔（1 美元）/每去除千克 BOD。最后，量化了使用该系统所带来的节能效益，估计每户每年可节省 70 约旦第纳尔（100 美元）。
