The role of six biomarkers in diagnosis of hemophilic arthropathy: review of the literature.

The aim of our narrative review of the literature is to identify the role of six important biomarkers: synovial fluid thrombomodulin, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, synovial tissue growth factor , vascular endothelial growth factor in synovium and peripheral blood, urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen, and synovial fluid tumor necrosis factor alpha. These urinary, serum and synovial biomarkers illustrated should be evaluated in patients with hemophilic arthropathy for early diagnosis of hemophilic arthropathy, because they have important implications in the development of arthrofibrosis, altered inflammatory response and bleeding. Moreover, better knowledge of their biological activity is important to identify possible new biological treatment options.