Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Behav Brain Res. 2021 Jan 15;397:112888. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.
这篇综述旨在确定注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者的认知加工过程随年龄的变化。对儿童和成年人群进行了功能磁共振成像（fMRI）研究，从而描绘了可能在整个年龄过程中持续存在和改善的缺陷。这使得我们能够检查大脑激活模式与 ADHD 中相应的功能异质性发展之间的相关性。根据 PRISMA 指南，使用 PubMed 和 Scopus 电子数据库对 ADHD 的 fMRI 研究进行了系统的文献检索。在 Scopus 数据库中验证了参考文献和引文。本研究确定了 14 项关于儿童的研究、16 项关于成人的研究以及一项关于 ADHD 两个群体的研究，共有 1371 名参与者。ADHD 随年龄的功能异质性存在，这可能表现为不同的大脑激活模式、个体内变异性或两者兼有。这在 ADHD 成年患者中表现为额叶区域和专门网络的作用增加，这是由于儿童时期非特异性激活效率低下所致。当额叶功能的延迟成熟不足以使功能正常化时，功能异质性可能表现出来。
