Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 1;741:140450. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140450. Epub 2020 Jun 23.
Surfactants are widely used in the industry of detergents, household products, and cosmetics. SAPDMA is a cationic surfactant that is used mostly in cosmetics, conditioning agents and has recently gained attention as a corrosion inhibitor in the sea pipelines industry. In this regard, literature concerning the ecotoxicological classification of SAPDMA on aquatic animals is lacking. This study aims to evaluate the potential ecotoxicity of SAPDMA using the aquatic zebrafish embryo model. The potential toxic effects of SAPDMA were assessed by different assays. This includes (i) mortality/survival assay to assess the median lethal concentration (LC); (ii) teratogenicity assay to assess the no observed effect concentration (NOEC); (iii) organ-specific toxicity assays including cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity (using locomotion assay), hematopoietic toxicity (hemoglobin synthesis using o-dianisidine staining), hepatotoxicity (liver steatosis and yolk retention using Oil Red O (ORO) stain); (iv) cellular cytotoxicity (mitochondrial membrane potential) by measuring the accumulation of JC-1 dye into mitochondria. Exposure of embryos to SAPDMA caused mortality in a dose-dependent manner with a calculated LC of 2.3 mg/L. Thus, based on the LC value and according to the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Acute Toxicity Rating Scale, SAPDMA is classified as "moderately toxic". The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) concerning a set of parameters including scoliosis, changes in body length, yolk, and eye sizes was 0.1 mg/L. At the same NOEC concentration (0.1 mg/L), no organ-specific toxicity was detected in fish treated with SAPDMA, except hepatomegaly with no associated liver dysfunctions. However, higher SAPDMA concentrations (0.8 mg/L) have dramatic effects on zebrafish organ development (eye, heart, and liver development). Our data recommend a re-evaluation of the SAPDMA employment in the industry setting and its strictly monitoring by environmental and public health agencies.
表面活性剂广泛应用于洗涤剂、家庭用品和化妆品行业。SAPDMA 是一种阳离子表面活性剂，主要用于化妆品、调理剂，最近作为海洋管道行业的腐蚀抑制剂引起了人们的关注。在这方面，关于 SAPDMA 对水生动物的生态毒理学分类的文献很少。本研究旨在使用水生斑马鱼胚胎模型评估 SAPDMA 的潜在生态毒性。通过不同的测定方法评估 SAPDMA 的潜在毒性作用。这包括：（i）死亡率/存活率测定法评估半数致死浓度（LC）；（ii）致畸测定法评估无观察到效应浓度（NOEC）；（iii）器官特异性毒性测定法，包括心脏毒性、神经毒性（使用运动测定法）、造血毒性（使用邻联茴香胺染色测定血红蛋白合成）、肝毒性（使用油红 O（ORO）染色测定肝脂肪变性和卵黄保留）；（iv）通过测量 JC-1 染料在细胞内的积累来评估细胞毒性（线粒体膜电位）。胚胎暴露于 SAPDMA 后，死亡率呈剂量依赖性，计算得到的 LC 为 2.3mg/L。因此，根据 LC 值和鱼类和野生动物服务局（FWS）急性毒性评级标准，SAPDMA 被归类为“中度毒性”。在一组参数（包括脊柱侧凸、体长、卵黄和眼睛大小的变化）中，未观察到效应浓度（NOEC）为 0.1mg/L。在相同的 NOEC 浓度（0.1mg/L）下，SAPDMA 处理的鱼没有发现任何器官特异性毒性，除了肝肿大，但没有相关的肝功能障碍。然而，SAPDMA 浓度较高（0.8mg/L）对斑马鱼器官发育（眼睛、心脏和肝脏发育）有显著影响。我们的数据建议重新评估 SAPDMA 在工业环境中的应用，并由环境和公共卫生机构对其进行严格监测。
