School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 1;741:140460. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140460. Epub 2020 Jun 24.
Too little and too much fluorine are potentially hazardous for human health. In the Jiaokou Irrigation District, ionic concentrations, hydrogeochemistry, and fluoride contaminations were analyzed using correlation matrices, principal component analysis (PCA), and health risk assessment. The patterns for the average cation and anion concentrations were Na > Mg > Ca > K and SO > HCO > Cl > NO > CO. The fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.29 and 8.92 mg/L (mean = 2.4 mg/L). 5% of the samples displayed lower than the recommended limit of 0.5 mg/L fluoride content, while 69% exceeded the allowable limits of 1.5 mg/L for drinking. The low F content is distributed in a small part of the southeast, while elevated F mainly in the central area of the study region. The PCA results indicated three principal components (PC), PC1 having the greatest variance (45.83%) and affected by positive loadings of TDS, Cl, SO, Na, and Mg, PC2 accounting for 17.03% and dominated by Ca, pH, HCO, and K, and PC3 representing 12.17% and mainly comprising of CO. High fluoride groundwater is of the SO-Cl-Na type, followed by HCO-Na type. Evaporation and ion exchange play important roles in producing high fluoride groundwater. Furthermore, saturation index and anthropogenic activities also promote the high fluoride concentrations. The values of the total hazard quotient of 93% groundwater samples were greater than 1 for infants, followed by 85% for children, 68% for teenagers, and 57% for adults. Non-carcinogenic health risks to infants may occur over the entire study area, while for adults, health risks are mainly found in Weinan and Pucheng. High fluorine may have a potential negative influence on neurodevelopment, especially for infants and children. Adults in this region have serious dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis because of long-term drinking of high fluoride groundwater. Therefore, measures, including using organic fertilizers, strengthening defluoridation process, and optimizing water supply strategies, are necessary in this area.
氟含量过低和过高都可能对人类健康造成危害。本研究采用相关矩阵、主成分分析（PCA）和健康风险评估等方法，对交口灌区的离子浓度、水文地球化学和氟污染进行了分析。阳离子和阴离子的平均浓度模式为 Na > Mg > Ca > K 和 SO > HCO > Cl > NO > CO。氟化物浓度范围在 0.29 到 8.92mg/L（平均值为 2.4mg/L）之间。5%的样本显示氟化物含量低于 0.5mg/L 的推荐限值，而 69%的样本超过了 1.5mg/L 的饮用水允许限值。低氟区主要分布在东南部的一小部分地区，而高氟区主要集中在研究区域的中心地带。PCA 结果表明存在三个主要成分（PC），其中 PC1 的方差最大（45.83%），受 TDS、Cl、SO、Na 和 Mg 的正负荷影响，PC2 占 17.03%，主要由 Ca、pH、HCO 和 K 控制，PC3 占 12.17%，主要由 CO 组成。高氟地下水主要为 SO-Cl-Na 型，其次为 HCO-Na 型。蒸发和离子交换对产生高氟地下水起着重要作用。此外，饱和度指数和人为活动也促进了高氟浓度的形成。93%的地下水样本的总危害商值大于 1，其中婴儿为 93%，儿童为 85%，青少年为 68%，成人 57%。整个研究区可能对婴儿产生非致癌健康风险，而对成人来说，健康风险主要出现在渭南和蒲城。高氟可能对神经发育产生潜在的负面影响，尤其是对婴儿和儿童。由于长期饮用高氟地下水，该地区的成年人患有严重的氟斑牙和氟骨症。因此，该地区需要采取措施，包括使用有机肥、加强除氟处理和优化供水策略等。
