Zhang Longqiang, Dong Donglin, Lv Situ, Ding Jia, Yan Maohua, Han Guilei
College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
China Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100081, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 May;30(21):61032-61051. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26316-7. Epub 2023 Apr 12.
The present study investigated ion and fluoride concentrations in groundwater and their associated health risks to local populations in the southern Hebei Plain during 2018-2020. A total of 336 groundwater samples were collected from monitoring wells at 112 different locations. Statistical analysis, Gibbs diagram, principal ion ratio, and saturation index were carried out to clarify the chemical characteristics and control mechanism of groundwater. The results indicated that the groundwater types in the study area were mainly HCO-Ca, Cl-Na, and SO-Ca. The concentrations of cations and anions were Na > Ca > Mg > K and HCO > SO > Cl > NO > F, respectively. Based on the water chemical parameters, the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was used to comprehensively evaluate the water quality. The results showed that during the study period, 60.41% of groundwater samples were suitable for drinking purposes, and 39.59% needed purification treatment to meet the requirements of drinking water standards. The groundwater quality in the western pre-hill plain areas was good, while the water quality in the northeastern and southeastern areas was poor and contaminated to varying degrees. Groundwater quality was mainly affected by the combined effect of total dissolved solids (TDS), Na, Mg, Cl, SO and HCO concentrations. Fluoride concentrations in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.07 to 8.51 mg/L, with 44% of the samples containing fluoride below the recommended limit of 0.5 mg/L, which would put the population at risk of dental caries. Also, 8% of the samples exceeded the permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water (1.5 mg/L), which would expose the local population to the risk of fluorosis. The human health risk evaluation of fluoride showed significant differences in non-carcinogenic effects between two different groups of children and adults. HI values ranged from 0.08 to 10.19 for children and 0.03 to 4.65 for adults, with hazard indices greater than 1 at 29.16% and 10.11%, respectively. This indicates that children have a greater exposure risk than adults, and the entropy of higher risk is mainly distributed in the northeast of the study area. Based on the above analysis of the spatial evolution of groundwater chemistry, water quality, and fluoride health risks in the southern Hebei Plain region, corresponding protection and management measures were proposed, which also provided reference significance for the effective use of drinking water and health risk prevention in the region.
本研究调查了2018 - 2020年期间冀南平原地下水的离子和氟化物浓度及其对当地居民的相关健康风险。共从112个不同地点的监测井采集了336份地下水样本。进行了统计分析、吉布斯图、主要离子比率和饱和指数分析，以阐明地下水的化学特征和控制机制。结果表明，研究区域的地下水类型主要为HCO - Ca型、Cl - Na型和SO - Ca型。阳离子和阴离子的浓度分别为Na＞Ca＞Mg＞K和HCO＞SO＞Cl＞NO＞F。基于水化学参数，采用地下水污染指数（PIG）对水质进行综合评价。结果显示，研究期间，60.41%的地下水样本适合饮用，39.59%的样本需要净化处理以满足饮用水标准要求。山前平原西部地区的地下水水质良好，而东北部和东南部地区的水质较差，且受到不同程度的污染。地下水水质主要受总溶解固体（TDS）、Na、Mg、Cl、SO和HCO浓度的综合影响。地下水样本中的氟化物浓度范围为0.07至8.51mg/L，44%的样本氟化物含量低于推荐限值0.5mg/L，这会使人群面临患龋齿的风险。此外，8%的样本超过了饮用水中氟化物的允许限值（1.5mg/L），这会使当地居民面临氟中毒的风险。氟化物对人体健康风险评估显示，儿童和成人这两组不同人群的非致癌效应存在显著差异。儿童的危害指数（HI）值范围为0.08至10.19，成人为0.03至4.65，危害指数大于1的比例分别为29.16%和10.11%。这表明儿童的暴露风险高于成人，且高风险熵主要分布在研究区域的东北部。基于上述对冀南平原地区地下水化学、水质和氟化物健康风险空间演变的分析，提出了相应的保护和管理措施，这也为该地区饮用水的有效利用和健康风险预防提供了参考意义。
