Johnstone Phil, McLeish Caitriona
Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Jubilee Building Room 364, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Hastings Building, CS-012A, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK.
Energy Res Soc Sci. 2020 Nov;69:101732. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101732. Epub 2020 Sep 4.
This paper explores the role of the world wars in 20th century energy transitions, focusing on the growth of oil as a major energy source which accelerated after the Second World War in North America and Europe. We utilise the recently developed Deep Transitions framework which combines Techno-Economic Paradigms and sociotechnical transitions approaches. The first deep transition entails the long running emergence of industrial modernity since the late 18th century which culminated in the post-Second World War economic 'golden age' underpinned by rapid and stable growth and prosperity in North America and Western Europe. The Deep Transitions framework draws attention to the increasing role of fossil fuels over this long period, and how fossil fuel consumption accelerated in the 20th century taking on a particular direction where energy, mobility, and food systems became increasingly reliant on oil while the share of coal as a proportion of the energy mix decreased. This paper integrates sociotechnical, historical and geopolitical literatures to examine how the development of the age of oil was shaped by wartime demand pressures and logistical challenges and the search for new solutions to these challenges in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
本文探讨了两次世界大战在20世纪能源转型中的作用，重点关注石油作为主要能源的增长情况，这种增长在第二次世界大战后于北美和欧洲加速。我们运用了最近开发的深度转型框架，该框架结合了技术经济范式和社会技术转型方法。第一次深度转型是自18世纪末以来工业现代性的长期兴起，在第二次世界大战后的经济“黄金时代”达到顶峰，其基础是北美和西欧的快速稳定增长与繁荣。深度转型框架提请人们注意化石燃料在这一漫长时期日益增长的作用，以及化石燃料消费在20世纪如何加速，并呈现出一种特定趋势，即能源、交通和食品系统越来越依赖石油，而煤炭在能源结构中的占比下降。本文整合了社会技术、历史和地缘政治文献，以研究石油时代的发展是如何受到战时需求压力、后勤挑战以及美国和英国为应对这些挑战而寻求新解决方案的影响的。
