School of Nursing, Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, and Population Studies Center and Survey Research Center at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Street, Room 4156, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4582, USA.
Department of Sociology and Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7103, USA.
Demography. 2020 Dec;57(6):2003-2034. doi: 10.1007/s13524-020-00916-1.
We investigate the immediate social context of contraceptive behaviors: specifically, the intimate relationship. We use the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) study (2008-2012), based on a random sample of 1,003 women ages 18-19 residing in a Michigan county. Women were interviewed weekly for 2.5 years, resulting in an age range of 18-22. We test three sets of hypotheses about change over time within a relationship, using relationship-level within-between models, which compare a couple's contraceptive behaviors across different times in the relationship. First, we find that a couple is less likely to use contraception when the relationship is more intimate and/or committed and that a couple becomes less likely to use contraception over time, regardless of intimacy and commitment. Second, we find that a couple using contraception becomes increasingly likely to choose hormonal over coital methods, but this change occurs as a relationship endures and is unrelated to intimacy and/or commitment. Third, we find that a condom-using couple's consistency does not decline when there is conflict; rather, consistency of condom use declines over time regardless of the relationship's characteristics. We also demonstrate that conflict and power imbalance increase reliance on hormonal methods among those using contraception; conflict decreases consistency among withdrawal (but not condom) users; and nonmonogamy increases reliance on condoms and decreases withdrawal consistency. The strong and consistent link between duration and contraceptive behaviors-regardless of intimacy, commitment, conflict, or power imbalance-suggests that the continual vigilance required for long-term contraceptive use is difficult during early emerging adulthood.
具体来说，就是亲密关系。我们使用了基于密歇根县随机抽取的 1003 名 18-19 岁女性的“关系动态与社会生活”（RDSL）研究（2008-2012 年）。这些女性在 2.5 年内每周接受一次采访，年龄在 18-22 岁之间。我们使用关系层面的组间组内模型，检验了关于关系内随时间变化的三组假设，该模型比较了一对伴侣在关系不同时期的避孕行为。首先，我们发现，当关系更加亲密和/或承诺时，一对伴侣使用避孕措施的可能性较小，而且无论亲密程度和承诺如何，伴侣使用避孕措施的可能性随时间推移而降低。其次，我们发现，使用避孕措施的夫妇越来越有可能选择激素方法而不是性交方法，但这种变化发生在关系持续的过程中，与亲密程度和/或承诺无关。第三，我们发现，当一对使用避孕套的夫妇发生冲突时，其使用避孕套的一致性并不会下降；相反，无论关系的特点如何，避孕套使用的一致性都会随时间推移而下降。我们还证明，在使用避孕措施的人群中，冲突和权力失衡会增加对激素方法的依赖；冲突会降低退出（但不是避孕套）使用者的一致性；非单一伴侣关系会增加对避孕套的依赖，降低退出的一致性。持续时间与避孕行为之间的强烈而一致的联系——无论亲密程度、承诺、冲突还是权力失衡——表明，在早期成年期，长期避孕需要持续保持警惕，这是很困难的。
