Antimicrobial concrete for smart and durable infrastructures: A review.

Concrete structures in sewer systems, marine engineering, underground engineering and other humid environments are easily subjected to microbial attachment, colonization and, eventually, deterioration. With careful selection and treatment, some additives including inorganic and organic antimicrobial agents were found to be able to endow concrete with excellent antimicrobial performance. This paper reviews various types of antimicrobial concrete fabricated with different types of antimicrobial agents. The classification and methods of applying antimicrobial agents into concrete are briefly introduced. The antimicrobial and mechanical properties as well as mass/weight loss of concrete incorporating antimicrobial agents are summarized. Applications reported in this field are presented and future research opportunities and challenges of antimicrobial concrete are also discussed in this review.