Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2020 Oct 19;33(10):2527-2537. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00028. Epub 2020 Sep 23.
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are categorized into generations which differ in terms of design, aerosol production, and customizability. Current and former smokers prefer third-generation devices that satisfy tobacco cravings more effectively than older generations. Recent studies indicate that EC aerosols from first- and second-generation devices contain reactive carbonyls and free radicals and can cause cytotoxicity. Third-generation ECs have not been adequately studied. Further, previous studies have focused on cells from the respiratory tract, whereas those of the oral cavity, which is exposed to high levels of EC aerosols, have been understudied. We quantified the production of reactive carbonyls and free radicals by a third-generation EC and investigated the induction of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in normal and cancerous human oral cell lines using a panel of eight commercial EC liquids. We found that EC aerosols produced using a new atomizer contained formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, but did not contain detectable levels of free radicals. We found that EC aerosols generated from only one of the eight liquids tested using a new atomizer induced cytotoxicity against two human oral cells . Treatment of oral cells with the cytotoxic EC aerosol caused a concomitant increase in intracellular oxidative stress. As atomizer age increased with repeated use of the same atomizer, carbonyl production, radical emissions, and cytotoxicity increased. Overall, our results suggest that third-generation ECs may cause adverse effects in the oral cavity and normal EC use, which involves repeated use of the same atomizer to generate aerosol, may enhance the potential toxic effects of third-generation ECs.
电子烟（ECs）分为几代，在设计、气溶胶产生和可定制性方面有所不同。当前和以前的吸烟者更喜欢第三代设备，因为它们比前几代更有效地满足吸烟欲望。最近的研究表明，第一代和第二代设备的 EC 气溶胶含有反应性羰基化合物和自由基，会引起细胞毒性。第三代 EC 尚未得到充分研究。此外，以前的研究主要集中在呼吸道细胞上，而口腔细胞暴露在高水平的 EC 气溶胶中，研究较少。我们量化了第三代 EC 产生的反应性羰基化合物和自由基的量，并使用八种商业 EC 液体的面板研究了它们在正常和癌变的人口腔细胞系中诱导细胞毒性和氧化应激的情况。我们发现，使用新型雾化器产生的 EC 气溶胶含有甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛，但没有检测到自由基。我们发现，仅使用新型雾化器测试的八种液体中的一种产生的 EC 气溶胶会引起两种人口腔细胞的细胞毒性。用细胞毒性 EC 气溶胶处理口腔细胞会导致细胞内氧化应激的同时增加。随着同一雾化器的重复使用，随着雾化器年龄的增加，羰基生成、自由基发射和细胞毒性增加。总的来说，我们的结果表明，第三代 EC 可能会对口腔造成不良影响，而正常的 EC 使用，即反复使用同一雾化器来产生气溶胶，可能会增强第三代 EC 的潜在毒性作用。
