Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
Environ Int. 2020 Dec;145:106088. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106088. Epub 2020 Sep 7.
Measurement of population tobacco use via wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) provides objective data to evaluate the efficacy of tobacco control strategies. However, current WBE tobacco-use estimates based on nicotine metabolites (cotinine and hydroxycotinine) can be masked by use of non-tobacco nicotine-containing products. To better understand nicotine and tobacco use, we analysed tobacco-specific biomarkers, anabasine and anatabine, as well as nicotine metabolites, cotinine and hydroxycotinine, in wastewater samples collected for 6 weeks per year over 6 years (2012-2017) from an Australian wastewater treatment plant serving approximately 100,000 people. Population-normalised mass loads were used to estimate tobacco and nicotine use trends and were compared with surveys and taxation statistics. Significant annual declines were observed for anabasine, anatabine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine of -3.0%, -2.7%, -2.4%, and -2.1%, respectively. The results corresponded with the annual declining trends reported from surveys (-5%) and taxation statistics (-4%). Significant annual decreases in the ratios of anabasine to cotinine (-1.2%) and anatabine to cotinine (-1.0%) suggested a relative increase in the use of non-tobacco nicotine products at the same time that tobacco use was declining. Monitoring tobacco use with anabasine and anatabine removed influence from nicotine-containing products, showing larger reductions in this Australian city than via nicotine biomarkers, whilst also demonstrating their suitability for monitoring long-term trends.
通过基于污水的流行病学（WBE）来衡量人群中的烟草使用情况，可以提供客观数据来评估烟草控制策略的效果。然而，目前基于尼古丁代谢物（可替宁和羟基可替宁）的 WBE 烟草使用估计可能会被使用非烟草含尼古丁产品所掩盖。为了更好地了解尼古丁和烟草使用情况，我们分析了在 6 年（2012-2017 年）中每年采集 6 周的澳大利亚污水处理厂污水样本中的烟草特异性生物标志物，即假木贼碱和新烟草碱，以及尼古丁代谢物可替宁和羟基可替宁。利用人群归一化质量负荷来估计烟草和尼古丁使用趋势，并将其与调查和税收统计数据进行比较。假木贼碱、新烟草碱、可替宁和羟基可替宁的年降幅分别为 -3.0%、-2.7%、-2.4%和-2.1%。结果与调查（-5%）和税收统计（-4%）报告的年度下降趋势相对应。假木贼碱与可替宁的比值（-1.2%）和新烟草碱与可替宁的比值（-1.0%）的年显著下降表明，在烟草使用量下降的同时，非烟草含尼古丁产品的使用相对增加。通过监测假木贼碱和新烟草碱去除了尼古丁产品的影响，显示出澳大利亚城市的降幅大于通过尼古丁生物标志物，同时也证明了它们适合监测长期趋势。
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