Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20992, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 8;19(15):9744. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159744.
Anabasine and anatabine are minor alkaloids in tobacco products and are precursors for tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). The levels of these two compounds have been used to differentiate tobacco product sources, monitor compliance with smoking cessation programs, and for biomonitoring in TSNA-related studies. The concentrations of urinary anabasine and anatabine were measured in a representative sample of U.S. adults who smoked cigarettes (N = 770) during the 2013−2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study cycle, which was the first cycle where urinary anabasine and anatabine data became available. Weighted geometric means (GM) and geometric least squares means (LSM) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for urinary anabasine and anatabine categorized by tobacco-use status [cigarettes per day (CPD) and smoking frequency] and demographic characteristics. Smoking ≥20 CPD was associated with 3.6× higher anabasine GM and 4.8× higher anatabine GM compared with smoking <10 CPD. Compared with non-daily smoking, daily smoking was associated with higher GMs for urinary anabasine (1.41 ng/mL vs. 6.28 ng/mL) and anatabine (1.62 ng/mL vs. 9.24 ng/mL). Urinary anabasine and anatabine concentrations exceeded the 2 ng/mL cut point in 86% and 91% of urine samples from people who smoke (PWS) daily, respectively; in comparison, 100% of them had serum cotinine concentrations greater than the established 10 ng/mL cut point. We compared these minor tobacco alkaloid levels to those of serum cotinine to assess their suitability as indicators of recent tobacco use at established cut points and found that their optimal cut point values would be lower than the established values. This is the first time that anabasine and anatabine are reported for urine collected from a U.S. population-representative sample of NHANES study participants, providing a snapshot of exposure levels for adults who smoked during 2013−2014. The results of this study serve as an initial reference point for future analysis of NHANES cycles, where changes in the national level of urinary anabasine and anatabine can be monitored among people who smoke to show the effect of changes in tobacco policy.
烟碱和去甲烟碱是烟草制品中的微量生物碱，也是烟草特异性亚硝胺（TSNA）的前体。这两种化合物的水平已被用于区分烟草制品来源、监测戒烟计划的遵守情况以及在与 TSNA 相关的研究中进行生物监测。在 2013-2014 年全国健康和营养调查（NHANES）研究周期中，对吸食香烟的美国成年人（N=770）的代表性样本中尿中烟碱和去甲烟碱的浓度进行了测量，这是首次提供尿中烟碱和去甲烟碱数据的周期。根据烟草使用状况[每天吸烟量（CPD）和吸烟频率]和人口统计学特征，对尿烟碱和去甲烟碱进行分类，计算尿烟碱和去甲烟碱的加权几何均数（GM）和几何最小二乘均数（LSM）及 95%置信区间。与每天吸烟<10 CPD 相比，每天吸烟≥20 CPD 与烟碱 GM 高出 3.6 倍，去甲烟碱 GM 高出 4.8 倍。与非每日吸烟相比，每日吸烟与尿烟碱（1.41ng/mL 比 6.28ng/mL）和去甲烟碱（1.62ng/mL 比 9.24ng/mL）的 GM 更高。在每天吸烟的人中，分别有 86%和 91%的尿液样本中的尿烟碱和去甲烟碱浓度超过 2ng/mL 切点；相比之下，他们中有 100%的人血清可替宁浓度大于既定的 10ng/mL 切点。我们将这些微量烟草生物碱水平与血清可替宁进行比较，以评估它们在既定切点作为近期吸烟指标的适用性，发现它们的最佳切点值将低于既定值。这是首次报告来自美国 NHANES 研究参与者的代表性人群尿液中的烟碱和去甲烟碱，提供了 2013-2014 年期间吸烟成年人的暴露水平快照。本研究结果可作为未来 NHANES 周期分析的初始参考点，其中可以监测吸烟人群中全国烟碱和去甲烟碱水平的变化，以显示烟草政策变化的效果。
