Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
Water Res. 2024 Feb 15;250:121040. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121040. Epub 2023 Dec 19.
Previous wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies have reported decreasing trends of nicotine and tobacco use in Australia before 2017, but there is concern that increasing illicit use of nicotine in vaping products and illicit tobacco could reverse this progress. This study aimed to assess temporal trends of nicotine consumption and specifically tobacco consumption via wastewater analysis in a population in Australia between 2013 and 2021. One week of daily wastewater samples were analyzed every two months from February 2013 to December 2021 in a regional city serving ∼100,000 people. A total of 340 daily samples were analyzed for anabasine (tobacco specific biomarker) and nicotine metabolites, cotinine and hydroxycotinine, using direct injection method by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Daily consumption estimates were calculated from daily flow data, population estimates and previously reported excretion factors. Linear spline regression was performed to identify periods when significant change of slopes occurred and to evaluate the temporal trends. Tobacco use monitored using anabasine as a biomarker, showed a decreasing trend over the whole period with a higher rate of decrease during the first two years (2013-2014, 21 % decrease) compared to the later 7 years (2015-2021, 10 % decrease). Nicotine use, monitored using cotinine and hydroxycotinine, showed a downward trend between 2013 and 2018 (2013-2014: 18 % decrease, p < 0.05; 2015-2016: 6 % increase, p = 0.48; Feb-Dec 2017: 15 % decrease, p = 0.39) followed by a significant increase from 2018 to 2021 (40 % increase, p < 0.001). This finding suggests the increasing use of non-tobacco nicotine-based products. Additionally, the tobacco use estimate by wastewater analysis was higher than the tobacco sales data, which suggests the use of illicit tobacco in the catchment.
先前的基于污水的流行病学（WBE）研究报告称，2017 年之前澳大利亚的尼古丁和烟草使用呈下降趋势，但人们担心电子烟产品和非法烟草中尼古丁的非法使用增加可能会逆转这一趋势。本研究旨在评估 2013 年至 2021 年期间澳大利亚某一人群中通过污水分析评估尼古丁消费和具体烟草消费的时间趋势。从 2013 年 2 月至 2021 年 12 月，每两个月分析一次一个服务约 10 万人的地区城市的一周每日污水样本。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法直接进样法分析了总共 340 个每日样本中的安纳比嗪（烟草特异性生物标志物）和尼古丁代谢物可替宁和羟基可替宁。根据每日流量数据、人口估计和先前报告的排泄因子，从每日样本中计算出每日消耗量估计值。采用线性样条回归确定斜率发生显著变化的时期，并评估时间趋势。使用安纳比嗪作为生物标志物监测到的烟草使用呈下降趋势，在整个研究期间呈下降趋势，前两年（2013-2014 年，下降 21%）的下降速度高于后 7 年（2015-2021 年，下降 10%）。使用可替宁和羟基可替宁监测到的尼古丁使用呈下降趋势，在 2013 年至 2018 年期间（2013-2014 年：下降 18%，p<0.05；2015-2016 年：增加 6%，p=0.48；2017 年 2 月至 12 月：下降 15%，p=0.39），随后 2018 年至 2021 年期间呈显著增加（增加 40%，p<0.001）。这一发现表明，非烟草尼古丁产品的使用有所增加。此外，污水分析估计的烟草使用量高于烟草销售数据，这表明集水区存在非法烟草的使用。
