UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia.
Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
Drug Test Anal. 2020 Sep;12(9):1393-1398. doi: 10.1002/dta.2874. Epub 2020 Jun 26.
Community tobacco use can be monitored over time using wastewater-based epidemiological approaches by estimating the mass loads of nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine, or hydroxycotinine, in wastewater. However, due to the use of nicotine in smoking cessation products, other sources of nicotine contribute to cotinine and hydroxycotinine loads. The use of nicotine replacement therapies could vary in space and time and mask the true rates of tobacco consumption. Therefore, this work evaluated the content of tobacco specific markers, anatabine and anabasine, in cigarettes, in urine of smokers, and in wastewater. The results indicated that the anabasine content in both licit and illicit cigarettes in Australia is less variable than anatabine and is therefore considered a better measure of tobacco consumption. A study determining the excretion of tobacco-specific alkaloids of smoking and non-smoking volunteers gave an average urinary mass load of anabasine of 4.38 μg/L/person and a daily mass load of 1.13 μg/day/person. Finally, this was compared with the mass loads of anabasine from wastewater-based epidemiology data of 3 μg/day/person to estimate cigarette rates in a South Australian city: equivalent to 2.6 cigarettes/person/day. The rate of decline of cigarette use was greater when using anabasine as a measure of consumption compared with cotinine. This is the first study to estimate the rate of anabasine excretion, which can be used to estimate tobacco use independent of therapeutically prescribed nicotine.
社区烟草使用情况可以通过基于废水的流行病学方法进行监测，方法是估算废水中尼古丁及其代谢物（可替宁或羟基可替宁）的质量负荷。然而，由于尼古丁在戒烟产品中的使用，其他来源的尼古丁也会导致可替宁和羟基可替宁的负荷增加。尼古丁替代疗法的使用可能因地域和时间而异，并掩盖了真实的烟草消费率。因此，这项工作评估了香烟、吸烟者尿液和废水中的烟草特异性标志物——去甲烟碱和去甲烟碱的含量。结果表明，澳大利亚合法和非法香烟中的去甲烟碱含量比去甲烟碱变化更小，因此被认为是衡量烟草消费的更好指标。一项确定吸烟和不吸烟志愿者排泄烟草特异性生物碱的研究给出了平均尿中去甲烟碱的质量负荷为 4.38μg/L/人，每天的质量负荷为 1.13μg/人/天。最后，将这一数据与基于废水的流行病学数据中 3μg/人/天的去甲烟碱质量负荷进行比较，以估算南澳大利亚城市的香烟使用率：相当于每人每天 2.6 支香烟。当使用去甲烟碱作为消费衡量指标时，香烟使用量的下降速度比可替宁更快。这是首次估计去甲烟碱排泄率的研究，可用于在不考虑治疗性规定的尼古丁的情况下估算烟草使用情况。
